Unit III

Arrays and Pointers

 Introduction to Arrays – Single
Dimensional Arrays – Multidimensional
Array – Pointers – void Pointer – Null
Pointer – Relationship between Arrays
and Pointers – Arrays of Pointers –
Pointer to a Pointer – Pointer to an Array.
 ARRAY - Definition
 An array is a data structure, that is
used to store the homogeneous data.
 An array is a collection of similar data
items that are stored under a common
name.
 A value in an array is identified by it’s
index or subscript.
 subscript enclosed in square brackets
with an array name.
 Array is derived data type
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 Types of Array
Array can be classified into:
• One dimensional Array
• Two dimensional Array
• Multi dimensional Array

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1. One Dimensional Array
 The collection of data items can be stored
under a single variable name using only one
subscript
 so such a variable called one dimensional
Array.
 It store fixed number of elements with same
data type.
 It is organized in a linear sequence.
 It is also named as linear array and vector.
Array Declaration:
Array are declared in the same manner as an ordinary
variables except that each array name must have one
subscript.
Syntax:
data type array_variable[size or subscript of the array];
Example:
• int a[5];
a[0]
a[1]
a[2]
a[3]
a[4]

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 Array Initialization
The value can be initialized to an array,
when they are declared like ordinary
variables. Otherwise they hold garbage
value.
The array can be initialized into two way’s:
1. At compile time
2. At run time

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At compile time:
syntax: data type array_name[size] =
{list of values}

Example: int marks[3] = {98,67,97};

(or)
marks[0]=98;
marks[1]=67;
marks[2]=97;
Example Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int b[3] = {2,4,5} , i ;
clrscr();

for(i=0; i<3 ;i++)

{
Printf(“%d”, b[i]);
}
} K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
At run time initialization:
The array can be explicitly initialized at run
time.
Here we use the for loop as well as scanf()
statement to get a value of an array variable.
Example:1
int n[3],i;
for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
{
scanf( “%d”, &n[i] );
}
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Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int mark[3], i;
printf(“enter the marks:”);
for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
{
scanf( “%d”, &mark[i] );
}
for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
{
printf( “%d”, mark[i] );
}
} K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int mark[5],i,total=0, avg;
printf("Enter your mark");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d", &mark[i]);
}
printf("Your mark is");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d\n", mark[i]);
}
total = mark[0]+mark[1]+mark[2]+mark[3]+mark[4];
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
total=total+mark[i];
}

avg=total/5;
printf("TOTAL:%d\nAVERAGE:%d", total, avg);

}
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int rollno[5] , i, srollno ;
Printf("Enter the rollno");
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &rollno[i]);
}
printf("Enter the srollno");
scanf("%d", &srollno);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if(srollno==rollno[i])
{
printf("Element is found");
break;
}
}
printf("element not found");
}
Assigning an array to another array:
 To assign the one array element into another
array by using it’s index position.
 Here not possible to assign array1=array2.
 variable only possible to assign like this
assignment.
Example :
int a[3], b[3]={2,4,6}, I;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
a[i]=b[i]
 Two Dimensional Array
 The array variable declared using two
subscript then it is called as two dimensional
array.
 Two dimensional array are used to store table
of values also called as matrix.
 It’s element arranged in rectangular grid of
rows and column.
 to access this data by using both column and
row subscript.
 Declaring two dimensional array
 To declare the two dimensional array with two
subscript.
 First subscript with row size and 2nd subscript
with column size.
 The terms enclosed within angular brackets
(<>) are optional.
 data type and identifier with row and column
subscript are mandatory.
Syntax:
<storage_class_specifier> <Type_modifier> <type
Qualifier> data_type array_name[row size]
[column size];
Example:
int a[3][3];
col0 col1 col2
Row0 A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2]

Row1 A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2]

Row2 A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2]

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Initializing a two dimensional array:
To initialize two dimensional array like one
dimensional array
The number of values initialize in an array is less than
or equal to array size(row size * column size)
Example:
int a[2][2]={
{23,34},
{43,45},
};
Or
Int a[2][2]={23,34,34,34};
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Example Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{ 0 1
int s[3][2]= {0{ 23,34 },
1{ 45,45 },
2{ 76,86 } }
int i , j ;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, s[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
} K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int a[2][2], i, j ;
printf(“Enter a matrix”);
for(i=0 ; i<2 ; i++)
{
for(j=0 ; j<2 ; j++)
{
scanf( “ %d ” , &a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0 ; i<2 ; i++)
{
for(j=0 ; j<2 ; j++)
{
printf( “%d”, a[i][j]);
}
}
 0 1
0 2 4
A=
1 6 8

a[0][0]
int A[2][2]={
{2,4},
{6,8}
}
A[0][1]
A[1][0]
A[1][1]
 Multidimensional Array
If a variable having more than two
subscript then those array variable is called as
multidimensional array
three dimensional arrays can be visualized
as a cube that has a number of planes
Each plane is a two dimensional arrays, so
we made a three dimensional array using
many two dimensional array.
Declaring three dimensional array:
 Here the data type and array variable with
plane_specifier, row and column_specifier are
mandatory
 plane, row and column specifier are compile time
constant, it must be greater than zero.
Syntax:
<storage_class_specifier> <Type_modifier> <type
Qualifier> data_type
array_variable[plane_specifier][row_specifier]
[column_specifier];
Example
Int a[2][5][3];
Int a;
a= 15;
Int *b;
b=&a;
 POINTER
Pointer is a variable that contains memory
address of a normal variable or a function.
it is a derived data type in C language.
pointer can be used to access and
manipulate data stored in the memory.
 Advantages of pointer
 Pointer allow dynamic memory management
 Pointers provide an efficient tool for
manipulating dynamic data structure
 such as structures , linked list , queues ,
stacks and trees.
 Pointer reduce length and complexity of the
program.
 Pointer Declaration
 pointer variable declaration is same as normal variable
declaration ,
 In additionally we add ‘*’symbol before the variable
name then that variable called pointer variable.
 Here the terms enclosed with in angular bracket are
optional. And data type and * symbol with variable
are mandatory
Syntax:
<storage_class_specifier> <Type_Qualifier>
<Type_modifier> data type * pointer variable name ;
Example:
int *a;
 Pointer Initialization
Syntax:
data type * pointer variable = &normal
variable name;

Example:
variable value address
int *p; p 9000 6000

int x=20; x 20 9000

p = &x;
Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int *p , x=15 ;
p=&x;
clrscr();
printf(“the value of x is %d”, x); 15
printf(“the address of x is %u“, &x); 4000
printf(“the value of pointer is %d”, *p);15
printf(“the address of p is %u”, &p); 4002
getch();
}
 POINTER OPERATOR
Referencing operator
 The reference to an object can be created
using referencing operator ( & )
 It is a unary operator and it appear before the
operand.
 The operands of referencing operator should
be arithmetic type.
.
Dereferencing operator:
The object referenced by a pointer can be
indirectly accessed by dereferencing the
pointer.
A pointer can be dereferenced by using a
dereference operator ( * ),
It is a unary operator it is appear before the
dereferenced operand
Example – 2
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
int *b=&a;
printf ( "%d\n“ , a);
printf ( "%u\n“ , &a);
printf( "%d\n“ , *b);
printf( "%u\n“ , &b);
}
10
6487580
10 output
6487568
--------------------------------
Process exited after 0.05086 seconds with return value 8
Press any key to continue . . .
 Void pointer or generic pointer
The pointer are used for pointing different data types.
if a pointer points any data types and is known as void
pointer.
Syntax:
void *pointer variable name ;
Example:
void *a;
float x=10.0;
a = &x;
Accessing variable through pointer
1.Null pointer
A null pointer is a special pointer does not points
anywhere.
it does not hold address of any variable ,it is assigned by
0.
Syntax:
datatype *ptr=0;
Example:
int *a ,*b;
a=b=0;
 Pointer expression

Here we using pointer variable to do any arithmetic operation

through pointer expression.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int * a ;
int * b;
int x=10 , y = 20;
a=&x;
b=&y;
printf(“%d ” , (*a+*b));
printf(“%d” , (*a - *b));
}
 Pointer to pointer
If a pointer variable holds the address of another
pointer variable , then that pointer variable is said
to be pointer to pointer variable
Syntax:
data type **pointer to pointer variable;
Example:
int *b;
int x=10;
int **a;
b=&x;
a=&b ;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int a=10;
int *b;
int **c;
b=&a;
c=&b;
printf(“the value of a is %d”, a); 10
printf(“the value of b is %d”, *b);10
printf(“the value of c is %d”, **c); 10
printf(“the address of a is %u”, &a); 1000
printf(“the address of b is %u”, &b); 2000
printf(“the address of c is %u”, &c); 3000
}
 Pointer Arithmetic
• Arithmetic operation also possible by using
pointer variable , it is mostly performed in
restricted form.
• Addition process : *a + *b
• Subtraction process : *a - *b
• Increment process : ++ptr
• Decrement process : --ptr
Addition process :
In pointer possible add two pointer values
Here we add two pointers by using ‘+’ operator
.
Here we access the pointer variable by using
dereference operator ‘ *’
Example:
int *a ,*b;
int x=10 , y=20;
a=&x , b=&y;
printf(“%d” , (*a + *b));
Subtraction process :
In pointer possible to subtract two pointer values
Here we subtract two pointers by using ‘ - ’
operator .
Here we access the pointer variable value by
using dereference operator ‘ *’
Example:
int *a ,*b;
int x=10 , y=20;
a=&x , b=&y ;
printf( “%d” , (*a - *b));
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int *a , *b , x=10, y=20;
a=&x;
b=&y;
printf( “Addition :%d”, *a + *b);
printf( “Subtraction: %d”, *a - *b);
printf( “Multiplication: %d”, *a * *b);
getch() ;
}
Effect of increment & increment operator

• Increment and decrement operation only

performed on pointer address,
• Here output of the increment and decrement
operation is performed based on the data
type declared .
Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int *p , x ;
p=&x;
Clrscr();
printf(“%u”, &x);2000
printf(“%u”, ++p); 2002
printf(“%u”, --p); 2000
printf(“%u”, p++); 2002
printf(“%u”, p--); 2000
getch();
}
 Arrays of pointer
It is possible to create a pointer that points to a complete
array instead of pointing to the individual element of an
array. Such a pointer is known as a pointer to an array.
Syntax:
Datatype * array pointer variable [size] ;
Example:
Int *ptr[10]
Int x=10 , y=20;
Ptr[0]=&x
Ptr[1]=&y
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int a[5]={10,20,12,13,14}, c;
int *p[5]; a[5]
clrscr(); 2000 10

for(i=o ; i<5 ; i++) 2002 20

{ 2004 12

p[i]= &a[i]; 2006 13

printf( “ %u”, p); 2008 14
printf( “%d”, *p);
getch();
}
Selection sort
0 1 2 3 4 index
A={ 1 , 3 , 5, 6 , 10}
<

5<3 T temp =
Temp=A[0]
A[0]=A[3]
A[3]=temp