By: DAMASEN, Plazer F.

BSN III H2
With normal urination, the bladder
contracts and urine leaves the body through
the urethra. With vesicoureteral reflux, some
urine goes back up into the ureters and
possibly up to the kidneys. Reflux exposes
the kidneys to infection.
The urinary tract consists of the kidneys,
ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys are
the organs that are responsible for filtering
waste products from the bloodstream and
produce urine continuously. The urine drains
down tubes called ureters from the kidneys to
the bladder, which normally stores urine and
empties intermittently by muscular
contraction. The urine exits the bladder
through the urethra in a process is called
voiding or urination.
When the ureter enters the bladder it travels
through the wall for a distance creating a
tunnel so that a flap valve is created. This
valve prevents urine that is in the bladder
from backing up and returning into the
ureter. Thus, when the bladder fills and later
when it squeezes down to empty, back-up
(that is, reflux of urine) is prevented because
the valve operates in the same way as when
you pinch off a soda straw. 
prevents bacteria (that often get into the
urine) from getting to the kidneys
protects the ureters and kidneys from high
pressures generated by the bladder during
urination
permits removal of all of the stored urine
with a single act of urination, because the
bladder urine has nowhere to go other than
out the urethra
In children, particularly those in the first 6 years of
life, urinary infection can cause kidney damage.
The injury to the kidney may result in renal
scarring and loss of future growth potential or
widespread scarring and atrophy. Even a small area
of scarring in one kidney may be a cause of high
blood pressure later in life. Untreated reflux on
both sides can, in the most severe instances, result
in kidney failure requiring dialysis or kidney
transplantation.
 Hereditary; Unknown cause Short Ureter UTI

Bladder fullness

Valve-like of the
Ureter weakens
Fever 
Poor weight gain 
Irritability 
Pain on urination  Valve-like Opens
Diarrhoea 
Strong smelling urine 
Vomiting  Urine goes back to the
Cloudy urine  ureter
Bed wetting if previously
dry 
Blood in the urine  From ureter to kidneys Vesico ureteral reflux
General ill health 
Correction of reflux (ureteral reimplantation
or ureteroneocystostorny) is recommended
for high grades of reflux, for reflux that fails
to resolve, or for patients with breakthrough
infections. The traditional surgical approach
involves opening the bladder and creating a
new longer tunnel for the ureter through the
bladder wall.