Anomalies of the Kidneys

•Agenesis: It may be of one or both the kidneys.

•symptoms as the job of the missing kidney is

taken over by the one which is present. Due to
overwork it undergoes compensatory
hypertrophy.

•Hypoplasia and hyperplasia.

•Hydronephrosis: Due to congenital obstruction.

 Horseshoe kidney
•The lower poles of the
kidneys get fused. Both the
ureters pass in front of the
connecting bridge causing
compression of the ureter
leading to hydronephrosis.

•It should be noted that

the inferior mesenteric
artery also runs in front of
the connecting bridge.
•Hydronephrosis

•It is an aseptic dilation of the kidney due to

partial obstruction to the outflow of urine
accompanied by stretching the renal pelvis.
 Pancake kidney
•Two kidneys join to
form a single cake like
mass
 Crossed ectopia
•Kidney crosses to the
opposite side.
Anomalies in the Ascent of Kidneys
Pelvic
kidney

Lower
lumbar
kidney

Thoracic
kidney
 Lobulated kidney
•This is normal
developmental form
which persists upto one
year of life.

•However lobulated
kidney may continue in
the same form upto
adulthood
 Defects of Rotation

•No rotation: Hilum looks

forward.

•Normal medial rotation:

Hilum look medially.

•Incomplete rotation: Hilum

looks anteromedially.

•Reverse rotation: Hilum

looks anterolaterally.
 Congenital Polycystic Kidney

Kidney is studded with

cysts pressing and
destroying the renal
parenchyma causing the
renal failure.
•Abberant renal artery
•Anomalies of the
Ureter
 Anomalies of the Ureter
•Unilateral agenesis.

•Duplication of ureter partial or complete.

•Ectopic opening of the ureter, e.g. prostatic part of urethra, seminal

vesicle, ductus deferens or the rectum in the male. Vagina, vestibule
and rectum in the female.

•Retrocaval ureter: Right ureter lies behind the inferior vena cava. It is
usually fibrotic.

•Double ureter: Mesonephric duct gives rise to two ureteric buds

 Hydroureter
This is also known as
congential megaureter.

•It is due to the

functional obstruction
at the lower end of the
ureter.
 Ureterocele
•Congenital atresia of
the lower end of the
ureter causes dilatation
of intramural part of the
ureter.
Cryptorchidism is
failure of one or
both of the testes to
descend into the
scrotum. The higher
temperature of the
abdominal cavity
prevents normal sperm
cell development
and, if it involves
both testes, results
in no sperm cell
Inguinal Hernia : These
are abnormal openings in
the abdominal wall in the
inguinal region through
which structures such as a
portion of the small
intestine can protrude.

Direct and Indirect

Inguinal hernia.

Inguinal hernias can be

repaired surgically.

Males are much more

prone to inguinal hernias
Inguinal Hernia : These are
abnormal openings in the abdominal
wall in the inguinal region through
which structures such as a portion
of the small intestine can protrude.

Direct and Indirect Inguinal

hernia.

Inguinal hernias can be repaired

surgically.

Males are much more prone to

inguinal hernias than are females.
•Ectopic Pregnancy
Anormalies of the uterus