LANGUAGE AND BRAIN

Umair Jameel
FA19-BPY-001
Usama Faheem
FA19 –BPY-062
Tehreem Fatima
FA19-BPY-045
Hanzla Anwar
FA19 –BPY-032

Waseem Abbas
FA19 –BPY-040

Section (A)
 BRAIN
 Brain is a largest and most complex organ in the human body.

 The main role of brain control our thoughts, memory, and speech,
movement of arms and legs and also control many organs of our
body.
 There are many parts of brain that perform their roles. some parts
play role in memory.speech,thinking.movement of body, production
of hormones.
 Parts of brain
Brain has some parts who play role in speech

Broca Area

Wernicks Area
 Broca area
 Broca area is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant
hemisphere usually left of the brain.
 Broca area also known as motor speech area. It is near to
motor cortex and utilized in speech production.
 This area regulates breathing pattern while speaking.
Wernicks area
 Wernicke area is the region of the brain that is important for
language production.
 It is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain.
 It is responsible for the comprehension of speech.
 
 Motor cortex
It generally controls movements of muscles .
The part of the motor cortex that is close to Broca area
controls the articulator muscles of the face,jaws,tongue
and larynx and hence the physical articulation of speech as
well.
In the 1950s, two neurosurgeons, Penfield and Roberts
(1959) found that, by applying small amount of electrical
current to specific part of the brain, they could identify
areas where the electrical stimulation would interface with
speech production.
 Arcuate Fasciculus
A bundle of nerve fibers
connecting Broca area and
Wernicke area in the left
hemisphere of the brain.

 This was also one of Wernicke

discoveries and is known to
form a crucial connection
between Wernicke and Broca
area.
 Localization View
 The belief that specific aspects
of linguistic ability have specific
locations in the brain (The Study
of Language).

 The localization view suggests

that the brain activity involved
in hearing a word, understanding
it, then saying it, would follow a
definite pattern
Pattern According To Localization
The word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke area.
This signal is then transferred via the Arcuate fasciculus to
Boca's area where preparations are made to generate a
spoken version of the word.
A signal is then sent to part of the motor cortex to
physically articulate the word.
 TONGUE TIPS & SLIPS
 Sometimes we have difficulty in
getting brain and speech production
to work together smoothly. Initial
days are worse of course and
sometimes we face this problem
during a speech; presentation or
debate which is very embarrassing.

 Such sort of production difficulties

may provide us clues that how our
linguistic knowledge is stored in
brain.
 TONGUE PHENOMENON
The experience of knowing a word, but being unable to
access it and bring it to the surface in order to say it).
In this state we feel that some word is eluding us. We
know the word but it just won't come to the surface.
 HOW MISTAKES HAPPEN?
 We make mistakes in the
retrieval process; when
there are strong
phonological similarities
between the target word we
are trying to say the mistake
we produce.
 Aphasia
 Aphasia is an impairment of
language, affecting the production
or comprehension of speech and
the ability to read or write.
 Aphasia is always due to injury to
the brain-most commonly from a
stroke, particularly in older
individuals.
 But brain injuries resulting in
aphasia may also arise from head
trauma, from brain tumors, or from
infections.
 Types of Aphasia
Broca's Aphasia
Wernicke Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
 Broca's Aphasia

 Broca's area, or the Broca

area, is a region in the frontal
lobe of the dominant
hemisphere, usually the left, of
the brain with functions linked
to speech production.
 Wernicke aphasia
Wernicke area is the region
of the brain that is important
for language development.
 It is located in the temporal
lobe on the left side of the
brain and is responsible for
the comprehension of
speech, while Broca's area is
related to the production of
speech.
 Conduction Aphasia
 Conduction aphasia is a type of
aphasia in which the main
impairment is in the inability to
repeat words or phrases. Other
areas of language are less
impaired. It is also known as
associative aphasia.

 A person with conduction aphasia

can usually read, write, speak,
and understand spoken messages.
 Dichotic listening
Dichotic listening is one of the most common
techniques used to determine the hemispheric
lateralization of language, using pairs of stimuli that
are presented simultaneously;
 one in each ear to induce auditory competition
between the two ears.
 Objective
Confirm right-ear advantage for the perception of word
pairs using the dichotic listening technique in a group of
right-handed patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
A 60 word-pair dichotic listening technique was used,
controlling the appearance, duration and ending of
each pair of stimuli.
 Twenty-seven (27) right-handed patients with
temporal lobe epilepsy were studied, obtaining their
laterality index based on the number of words
perceived in each ear.
  A Critical Period in Humans

Many animals communicate by means of sound, and some

(humans and songbirds are examples) learn these
vocalizations. There are, in fact, provocative similarities in
the development of human language and birdsong (Box B
).
 EXAMPLE
For example, quails raised in isolation or deafened at birth
so that they never hear conspecifics nonetheless produce
the full repertoire of species-specific vocalizations.

In contrast , humans obviously require extensive postnatal

experience to produce and decode speech sounds that are
the basis of language.