Elasto-Visco-Plasticity

6.1 Introduction
In earlier Chapters constitutive models were presented for the simulation of elastoplastic and viscoelastic materials.
Nevertheless, there is a great variety of engineering materials which, depending on strain rate and/or temperature, exhibit
response characteristics varying anywhere between the elasto-plastic and the viscoelastic limits. Asphaltic concrete, rubbery
polymers and certain types of polymeric foams are typical examples.
Constitutive modelling of such types of materials can be implemented by combining the features of purely elasto-plastic and
purely viscoelastic materials to create a more general category of constitutive models termed elasto-visco-plastic in this Chapter.
Fig. 6.1 shows a one-dimensional schematic of the envisaged material model consisting of a single elasto-plastic constituent in
parallel with an arbitrary number of viscoelastic constituents. The actual number of necessary elasto-plastic and viscoelastic
constituents and their individual components is to be decided on the basis of the available experimental evidence.
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
Fig. 6.2 indicates schematically the model response at constant temperature. For extremely low strain rates, the elasto-plastic
constituent dictates inviscid response. With increasing strain rate, the viscous constituent contributes to an increase in material
stiffness.

6.2 Multiplicative Decomposition

In Chapter 2, it was shown that a vector dx in the deformed current configuration is related by means of the deformation gradient
tensor to its undeformed configuration via the relation
6.1
If it is now assumed that the forces acting on the material element are removed , the initial reference configuration will only be
obtained if the material is elastic. In all other cases, another configuration will be obtained in which the original vector is mapped
onto vector with the subscript indicating the residual nature of deformation, Fig. 6.3.
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
Let denote the deformation gradient relating the residual deformation configuration to the current configuration. Then,
following the logic of Eq. 6.1
6.2
Similarly, if denotes the deformation gradient relating the residual deformation configuration to the reference configuration,
then it also holds
6.3
so that 6.4
and therefore 6.5
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
The process represented by Eq. 6.5 is known as the “multiplicative decomposition” of the deformation gradient to a residual
deformation component and a component signifying the elastic unloading that the material must undergo from the configuration
at time t to the residual configuration.
The concept of multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient provides an elegant tool for description of the three
dimensional response of elasto-visco-plastic material models consisting of elastoplastic and viscoelastic components.

As shown schematically in Fig. 6.4, the deformation gradient of a material in which the elasto-plastic and the viscoelastic
components act in parallel can be decomposed as
; 6.6
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
in which the elastic component of the deformation gradient of the elastoplastic element
the plastic component of the deformation gradient of the elastoplastic element
the elastic component of the deformation gradient of the viscoelastic element
the viscous component of the deformation gradient of the viscoelastic element
Furthermore the following definition hold:

6.7
Therefore

6.8
6.3 Generalized Model Local Dissipation
The Helmholtz free energy function for a three dimensional model equivalent to the generalised model of Fig. Fig. 6.1 can be
expressed as
6.9
The Clausius-Planck local dissipation inequality leads to
6.10
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
As shown in Appendix 6.1 the above inequality can be reformulated as

6.11

By standard arguments, Coleman & Gurtin [1967], on the basis of Eq. 6.11, the stress tensor can be additively decomposed into a
viscoelastic and a plastic component

6.12
Also the following inequalities are obtained
6.13
6.14
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
6.4 Plastic Component Integration Procedure
As it is shown in Appendix 6.2, inequality 6.14 can be written as
6.15
With
The principle of maximum plastic dissipation mentioned in Chapter 4, states that for a given set of , among all possible sets in the
stress space domain satisfying the condition
6.16
the actual one is the one which maximizes the argument of inequality 6.15, that is, the one for which
6.17
Utilizing the formal notation of Appendix 4.1, Simo [1992] has pointed out that the above two relations can be recast as the
following constraint minimization problem
minimize
subject to 6.18
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
According to Appendix 4.1, the above minimization statement is equivalent to the following set of plastic evolution equations,
Simo [1998]

6.19
; ;
in which is the plastic consistency parameter and is a flow surface function. The implemented functions are listed in a latter
section.
By utilizing the relation and the definition of the Lie derivative
6.20
from which 6.21
On the basis of the terminology of Chapter 2, the vector represents the pullback of the vector to the reference configuration.
Introducing into Eq. 6.21 it results, Simo [1987a]
6.22
6.4.1 Stress Reduction Procedure
The procedure that is utilized for reduction of the state of stress to the plastic response surface is presented in the following.
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
6.4.1.1 Trial Elastic State
If it is temporarily assumed that during the motion in the time interval no further plastic deformation takes place, i.e. if it is
temporarily set
; 6.23
then, an approximate elastic deformation gradient can be computed as
6.24
The corresponding elastic left Cauchy-Green tensor is therefore

6.25
which is clearly a push forward operation on
6.4.1.2 Flow Rule Discretization
The evolution problem defined by Eq. 6.22 can be solved in the time interval to give a first order accurate estimate for
6.26
With 6.27
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
Details can be found in Appendix 6.7. Setting , on the basis of Eq. 6.25 and Eq. 6.26, the elastic left Cauchy-Green tensor is

6.28
Multiplying both sides of Eq. 6.28 by
6.29
Because of isotropy
6.30
in which indicates the principal stress of the stress tensor and are the corresponding principal directions.
In addition can also be expressed as
6.31
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
in which , are the elastic principal stretches.
Substituting Eq. 6.30 and Eq. 6.31 into Eq. 6.29 it results
6.32
which can be simplified (Appendix 6.4) as
6.33
By means of spectral decomposition can be also expressed as
6.34
Comparing Eq. 6.33 and Eq. 6.34 it follows
6.35
Taking the logarithm of both sides of Eq. 6.35 and denoting the tensor of elastic principal logarithmic strains by
6.36
Also on the basis of Eq. 6.192 , a backward Euler integration scheme results to the following algorithmic scheme
6.37
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
6.4.1.3 Return Mapping Procedure
On the basis of the above the following residual equations can be set up

6.38

With ; 6.39
From Eq.6.38₂ 6.40
Hence 6.41
Substituting into Eq.6.38₁ , after rearrangement
6.42
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
Consider the Newton iterative scheme
6.43
in which 6.44
with initial values 6.45
Define 6.46
and the residual vector 6.47
As shown in Appendix 6.3, the Jacobian of the iterative scheme is
6.48
The above iterative scheme is repeated until a preset tolerance is attained.
 Elasto-Visco-Plasticity
6.4.2 Characteristics of the Plastic Component
The following yield function is currently implemented in CAPA3D
6.49
with and 6.50
The specified strain energy function is of the form

6.51
in which the exponent controls the rate of hardening, Fig. 6.5