DIESEL POWER

PLANT
 DIESEL POWER
PLANT
• A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover
for the generation of electrical energy
 DIESEL CYCLE

Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

• First cycle begins with admission of air to fill the cylinder completely (180° turn of the crank)
• In the diesel engine, fuel has been injected into the chamber in which air is compressed and then heated to
about 500°C to 600°C
• During injection, the air temperature is high enough to provoke self-ignition in the dispersed droplets of
fuel in the chamber
• Some vaporization of at least part of the fuel is necessary to establish zones of suitable air-fuel
composition
DIESEL CYCLE

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)

2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
1. Heat generated by fuel, Qg
Qg = mf Qh
where: mf = mass flow of fuel

2. Heating value of fuel, Qh

Qh = 41,130 + 139.6°API , kJ/kg

3. Air-Fuel Ratio, A/F

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4) A/F = ma / mf
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1) where: ma = PV/RT
 DIESEL ENGINE
4. Volume Displacement, VD
(a) For two-stroke engine:
VD = , m3/sec
where: D = bore, m
L = stroke, m
N = speed, rps
c = number of cylinders
(b) For four-stroke engine:

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)

VD = , m3/sec
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
5. Piston Speed, PS
PS= , m/sec

6. Mean Indicated Pressure, Pmi

Pmi =
where: A = average area of diagram for both sides of the
piston
L = length of the diagram
K = spring scale constant, kPa/m or psi/in
1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
7. Indicated Power, IP
1)
IP= Pmi VD
 DIESEL ENGINE
8. Brake Power, BP
BP = Pmb VD , kW
BP = 2TN , kW
where: Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, kPa
T = torque, kN-m
N = speed, rps

BP = , Hp
1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
where: T = torque, ft-lbs
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3) N = speed, rpm
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
9. Friction Power, FP
FP = IP - BP

10. Mechanical Efficiency,

11. Generator efficiency,

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
12. Thermal Efficiency:
(a) Indicated Thermal efficiency =

(b) Brake Thermal efficiency =

(c) Combined Thermal efficiency ,

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)

2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
13. Volumetric Efficiency, (Air only)

where: c = clearance volume; V1/V2 = compression ratio

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)

2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
14. Specific Fuel Consumption
(a) Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption, ISFC
ISFC , kg/kW-hr
(b) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, BSFC
BSFC , kg/kW-hr
(c) Combined Specific Fuel Consumption, CSFC
1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
CSFC , kg/kW-hr
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
15. Heat Rate
(a) Indicated Heat Rate, IHR
, kJ/kW-hr

(b) Engine Heat Rate, EHR

, kJ/kW-hr

(c) Engine Generator Heat Rate, EGHR

1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2)
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3)
, kJ/kW-hr
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4)
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4-
1)
 DIESEL ENGINE
16. Generator Speed, N
, RPM
where: f = frequency = 60 Hz (if not given)
P = no. of poles (must be even nos.)

17. Typical heat balance of the engine:

Heat Added Exhaust loss

Description Percent share of input
(100%) (26%)
Useful output (Brake 34%
Power)
Cooling Loss 30%
Diesel Useful output
(34%)
1 – Isentropic compression (process 1-2) Engine
2 – Admission (Isobaric heat transfer: process 2-3) Friction, Radiation, etc. 10%
3 – Isentropic expansion (process 3-4) Friction loss
Exhaust Loss 26%
4 – Discharge (Isochoric heat transfer: process 4- (10%)
1) Total Heat Input 100% Cooling loss
(30%)
DIESEL ENGINE
COOLING LOSS IN THE ENGINE

t2
DIESEL
ENGINE Qloss
t1
mw
Cooling water
 DIESEL ENGINE
ENGINE OPERATING AT HIGHER ELEVATION:
• ENGINE CONSTANTS:
1. Friction power at elevated point is constant

2. Mass of fuel consumption is constant

3. Volume of air required is constant

4. Indicated Power is directly proportional to density of air

where: w = density of air
 DIESEL ENGINE
• TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE RELATIONS AT HIGHER ELEVATION
1. Consider the temperature effect alone
(NOTE: The temperature decreases 3.6°F for every 1000 feet elevation)
T
where: Ps = Power at sea level
h = elevation, ft
Pe = Power at elevation
 DIESEL ENGINE
• TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE RELATIONS AT HIGHER ELEVATION
2. Consider the pressure effect alone
(NOTE: The pressure decreases 1 inch of Hg per 1000 feet elevation)

where: B = pressure at higher elevation

3. Consider the temperature and pressure effect

 DIESEL ENGINE
18. Heat Recovery Boiler mg
Steam
Exhaust gas ms
FORMULAS: hs
t1
(a) Heat lost from the gas B
DIESEL O
ENGINE I
(b) Heat added to the boiler L
E
R
(c) Heat lost from the gas = Heat added to the boiler hf
t2
Feedwater
where: cpg = specific heat of the gas
mg = mass of gas ms = mass of supply steam
t1 = initial temperature of gas hs = enthalpy of steam
t2 = final temperature of gas hf = enthalpy of feedwater
 A diesel engine develops 200 Hp to overcome friction and delivers 1000 BHP.
Air consumption is 90 kg/min. The air fuel ratio is 15 to 1. Find the following:
(a) IP, (b) Mechanical efficiency, (c) specific fuel consumption.

Solution:
(c) = 15
(a) BP = 1000
ma = 90 kg/min
FP = 200
IP = BP + FP = 1000 + 200 ISFC =
IP = 1200 Hp =
(b) = = 0.8333 ISFC = 0.40214 kg/kW-hr
= 83.33%
 A diesel engine intakes atmospheric air at 70°F and adds 900 Btu/lbm of energy.
If the maximum pressure is 1300 psia, find:
(a) The cut-off ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the power output for an
airflow of 0.5 lbm /sec.

Solution:
(a) T2 = T1 V1 = = 13.34 ft3/min
V2 = = 0.543 ft3/min
T2 =1907.3°R V3 = = 1.61 ft3/min

Qin = cp (T3 – T2) The cut-off ratio, rc

900 Btu/lbm = (0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(T3 – rc = V3/V2 = 1.61/0.543
1907.3) rc = 2.96
T3 = 5657.3°R
 A diesel engine intakes atmospheric air at 70°F and adds 900 Btu/lbm of energy.
If the maximum pressure is 1300 psia, find:
(a) The cut-off ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the power output for an
airflow of 0.5 lbm /sec.

Solution:
(b) The compression ratio, rk (c) Wnet = QA = (m)(QA)
rk = V1/V2 = 13.34/0.543 = 24.5 = (0.6381)(0.5 ) (900 )(778 )
Wnet = 223398.81
The thermal efficiency is: Wnet = 406.2 hp
DIESEL CYCLE:
1. Air in an ideal Diesel Cycle is compressed from 3 L to 0.15 L and
then it expands during the constant pressure heat addition process to
0.3 L. Under cold air Standard conditions, the thermal efficiency of
this cycle is:
 
2. A Diesel cycle has an initial temperature of 27°C. If the cut-off ratio
is 2.50 and compression ratio is 12, Find the maximum cycle
temperature.