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Bab 3.1 Federalisme
Bab 3.1 Federalisme
1
KERANGKA PERUNDANGAN DAN ISTITUSI KEWANGAN
NEGARA
Federalism
Intergovernmental Relationship (IGR)
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FEDERALISM
is a value concept and a normative principle of human nature and social relations -
‘diversity in unity’ (Burgess, 2006; King, 1982; Watts, 2010) – diversities: culture,
language, ethnicity and religion outward appearances of social cleavage.
Federalism comes with a combining elements of maintaining the tensions between distinct
identities, accommodating, preserving and promoting distinct identities within a larger
political union, and spurs the structure of government to protecting minority.
Elazar (1987) “… as an organizing principle for the territorial distribution of power, which
qualifies it as ‘self-rule plus shared rule’… powers may be shared at any particular time …
cannot be taken away from either without their mutual consent (p. 166).”
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FEDERALISM
Source: Adapted from Bowman and Kearney (1996), Shah (1997). LOGO
Figure 1.5. Alternate models of federalism
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Federalism - Federal - Federation - used by turns! often treated as synonymous! and necessary to
discuss mutually? Remember: THOSE ARE DISTINCT.
Federalism: abstract "ism" philosophy, normative basis and principle of institutional arrangement (
Elazar, 1987; Riker, 1964). Elazar (1987) the principle for the territorial distribution of power, ‘self-
rule plus shared rule’ no matter how certain powers may be shared.
Federal is a genus; Federation is a species of the genus (Elazar, 1987; King, 1982; Verney, 1995) -
other species; unions, constitutionally decentralized unions, federacies, confederation, associated
statehoods, condominiums, hybrids, league, joint functional authorities (Watts, 2013).
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UNITARY FEDERATION
France (first prototype) was configured under Federation system was first invented in the United
Napoleon ~ ‘unity and indivisibility’ (Loughlin, 2008 States (Philadelphia Convention in 1787)
). Followed by less than thirty states (Mexico,
Became a powerful model (19th century ) ~ followed Venezuela, Switzerland, Argentina, Canada, Brazil,
by Greece (1821) and Italy (1860) ~ United Australia, Austria, Malaysia , India, Pakistan,
Kingdom, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Denmark, Germany, Nigeria, Russia, UAE) out of 193 entities in
Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Netherlands, the United Nations.
Philippines, Portugal, Sweden, Singapore, Monaco Federation states’ characteristics ~ large size of
The most preferred system and is accepted by territory and heterogeneous in social attribute.
majority of the countries ~ unwillingness to share The formation ~ larger historical forces of political
and divide powers with other units. instability, external economic pressure and impelled
The formation ~ driven by authoritarian and by military security
monarchy characters, undemocratic structure, design
in single central power, small size of territory and
homogeneous in social attribute.
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FEDERATION OF MALAYSIA
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• Bajet Negeri defisit - pinjaman adalah mekanisme yang paling sesuai untuk
memperbaiki kewangan awam Kerajaan Negeri (Ebel dan Yilmaz, 2001).
• Pinjaman berasaskan kepada tiga alasan utama:
i. penyelarasan aliran perbelanjaan dan hasil
ii. ekuiti antara generasi
iii.pembangunan ekonomi
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• Peruntukan Perkara 112B - memberi kelonggaran kepada kerajaan Sabah dan Sarawak
- membuat pinjaman daripada mana-mana sumber dalam negeri selagi diluluskan oleh
Bank Negara (Mohd Salleh Abas 1988).
• Tiga sumber pinjaman yang disediakan oleh Kerajaan Persekutuan kepada Kerajaan
Negeri iaitu:
i. Akaun Hasil Yang Disatukan,
ii. Kumpulan Wang Pembangunan atau
iii. Kumpulan Wang Amanah lain (Malaysia 1989).
• Sebahagian besar pinjaman negeri diperolehi daripada sumber Kumpulan Wang
Pembangunan bagi melaksana projek-projek pembangunan seperti projek bekalan air
serta memajukan kawasan perindustrian dan perumahan.
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RM Juta
1. Ketidakseimbangan Menegak
300,000
• Perlembagaan – peruntuk hasil major dan penting Belanja K. Pusat
kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan ~ sebaliknya sumber hasil
Kerajaan Negeri (Jadual Kesepuluh Bahagian Tiga 250,000
Perlembagaan Persekutuan) bersifat minor & tidak
seanjal hasil Kerajaan Persekutuan kerana kadar cukai 200,000
tanah dan hasil hutan hanya boleh diubah selepas selang Hasil K.Pusat
waktu yang lama. 150,000
• Hasil K. Negeri hanya dapat menampung Belanja
Mengurus (malah ada negeri masih defisit) – sangat
100,000
memerlukan pindahan daripada kerajaan Persekutuan
dalam bentuk pemberian dan pinjaman
• Nisbah ketidakseimbangan menegak bagi hasil Kerajaan 50,000
Hasil K. Negeri
Persekutuan vs. Kerajaan Negeri dianggarkan 7.5 : 1 Belanja K. Negeri
• Nisbah ketidakseimbangan menegak bagi hasil Kerajaan 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Persekutuan vs. Kerajaan Negeri dianggarkan 6.5 : 1 LOGO
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2. Ketidakseimbangan Mendatar
• Perlembagaan Persekutuan memperuntukkan
pemberian dan pinjaman kepada Kerajaan Negeri
untuk mengurangkan beban fiskal ~ namun
pemberian dan pinjaman kerajaan Persekutuan
belum efektif memperbaiki ketidakseimbangan
mendatar antara negeri.
• Malah sehingga hari ini jurang ekonomi antara
negeri masih ketara. Perlis, Kedah, Terengganu,
Kelantan, Sabah dan Sarawak masih kekal dengan
status negeri kurang maju dan mempunyai
keupayaan fiskal yang rendah berbanding negeri-
negeri lain di Malaysia
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