Chapter 3 - Global Internet

Computer Application in Management
STID 1103
Chapter 3
Global Internet
The Internet
Internet Addressing and Architecture
Internet Services and Communication Tools
The World Wide Web
Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
1. Explain how Internet works.

2. Identify the types of Internet connection.
3. Give example of Internet service provider.
4. Explain the IP address and the usage of domain name.
5. List the services and applications available on Internet.
Overview: Corporate Network
Infrastructure
What is the Internet?
• The Internet
– World’s most extensive network
– Internet service providers (I SP s)
 Provide connections
 Types of Internet connections
– Dial-up: 56.6 Kb p s
– Digital subscriber line (DS L/F I O S): 385 Kbp s –
40 Mbp s
– Cable Internet connections: 1–50 M bp s
– Satellite
– T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbp s
Internet Addressing and Architecture
• Each device on Internet assigned Internet Protocol (I P)
address
• 32-bit number, e.g. 207.46.250.119
• The Domain Name System (DN S)
– Converts I P addresses to domain names
– Hierarchical structure
– Top-level domains
The Domain Name System
Top level domains
Internet Architecture and Governance
• Network service providers
– Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks)
• Regional telephone and cable T V companies
– Provide regional and local access
• Professional organizations and government bodies
establish Internet standards
– IA B
– I CAN N
– W3 C
Internet Network Architecture
The Internet backbone connects to regional networks,
which in turn provide access to Internet service
providers, large firms, and government institutions.
Network access points (NAPs) and metropolitan area
exchanges (MAEs) are hubs where the backbone
intersects regional and local networks and where
backbone owners connect with one another.
Worldwide Internet policies
They are established by a number of different organizations and government bodies:
• The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), which helps define the overall structure of the
Internet
• The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which assigns IP
addresses
• The Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC), which was created by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, and assigns domain names
• The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), which oversees standards setting with
respect to the Internet
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which forecasts the next step in the growth
of the Internet, keeping watch over its evolution and operation
• The Internet Society (ISOC), which is a consortium of corporations, government

agencies, and nonprofit organizations that monitors Internet policies and practices
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which sets Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) and other programming standards for the Web
The Future Internet: I P v 6 and
Internet 2
• I Pv 6
– New addressing scheme for I P numbers
– Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses
– Not compatible with current I Pv 5 addressing
• Internet2
– Advanced networking consortium
 Universities, businesses, government agencies,
other institutions
– Developed high-capacity 100 G bp s testing network
– Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet
Internet Services and Communication
Tools (1 of 2)
• Internet services
– E-mail
– Chatting and instant messaging
– Newsgroups
– Telnet
– File Transfer Protocol (FT P)
– World Wide Web
• Voice over I P (VoI P)
– Digital voice communication using I P, packet switching
Major Internet Services
Newsgroup
Internet Services and Communication
Tools
• Internet services
– E-mail
– Chatting and instant
messaging
– Newsgroups
– Telnet
• Unified communications
– File Transfer Protocol (FT P)
– Communications systems
– World Wide Web that integrate voice, data,
• Voice over IP (VoI P) e-mail, conferencing
– Digital voice communication • Virtual private network (VP N)
using I P, packet switching – Secure, encrypted, private
network run over Internet
– PPT P
– Tunneling
How Voice over IP Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8hkfE
oCcsY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qTTRk
LJtLA
https://voiptoners.com/best-6-voip-services
-malaysia/
VPN
The Web
• Hypertext
– Hypertext Markup Language (HTM L)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTT P):
– Uniform resource locator (UR L):
 http://
www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
• Web servers
 Software for locating and managing web pages
Top search engine
In 1998, Larry Page and Sergey
Brin, two other Stanford computer
science
students, released their first version
of Google
Google – Index & Rank based on

the relevance of each page (page
ranked system). It measures the
popularity of a Web page by
calculating the number of sites that
link to that page as well as the
number of pages which it links to.
Web crawler program that

indexed not only keywords on a
page but also combinations of
words (such as
authors and the titles of their
articles)
How Google Works
The Google search engine is continuously crawling the Web, indexing the content
of each page, calculating its popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond
quickly to user requests to see a page. The entire process takes about one-half
second.
Google Search Engine
https://www.websitehostingrating.com/inter
net-statistics-facts/
Searching for Information on the Web
• Mobile search
– Accessing the Internet via mobile, 2018 - 55.9% desktop users, 40.1%
mobile users. 2012 – 20% Mobile user
• Search engine marketing

– Appears two types of listings: sponsored links, for which advertisers have
paid to be listed (usually at the top of the search results page), and
unsponsored “organic” search results when users enter a search term at
search engines.
– 97% of Google’s revenue of $39 billion in 2011 comes from online
advertising, and 95% of the ad revenue comes from search engine
marketing (Google,2012; eMarketer, 2012).
• Search engine optimization (SE O)

– the process of improving the quality & volume of Web traffic to a Web site by
employing a series of techniques that help a Web site achieve a higher ranking
with the major search engines when certain keywords and phrases are put in the
search field.
• Semantic search
– is to make search engines that could understand what it is we are really
looking for. Called “semantic search” the goal is to build a search engine
that could really understand human language and behavior.
• Social search
– is an effort to provide fewer, more relevant, and trustworthy search results
based on a person’s network of social contacts.
– In contrast to the top search engines that use a mathematical algorithm to
find pages that satisfy your query, a social search Web site would review
your friends’ recommendations (and their friends’), their past Web visits,
and their use of “Like” buttons.
– Face recognition
• Visual search
– the explosion of photos and videos on the Internet created a demand for
searching and classifying these visual objects.
– Facial recognition software can create a digital version of a human face.
In 2012 Facebook introduced its facial recognition software and combined
it with tagging, to create a new feature called Tag Suggest
• Intelligent agent shopping bots

– use intelligent agent software for searching the Internet for
shopping information.
– Shopping bots such as MySimon or Google Product Search
can help people interested in making a purchase filter and
retrieve information about products of interest, evaluate
competing products according to criteria the users have
established, and negotiate with vendors for price and
delivery terms.
Web 2.0
• These second-generation interactive Internet-based
services with four defining features: interactivity, real-time
user control, social participation (sharing), and user-
generated content.
• The technologies and services behind: cloud computing,
software mashups and apps, blogs (Weblog -personal Web site
that contains a series of chronological entries), RSS (Really Simple
Syndication or Rich Site Summary, pulls specified content from Web sites and feeds it
automatically to users’ computers), wikis (collaborative Web sites where visitors can
add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors, and
social networks (build communities of friends & professional colleagues.
The Future Web (Web 3.0)
• Web 1.0 solved the problem of obtaining access to information. Web 2.0
solved the problem of sharing that information with others and building new
Web experiences. Web 3.0 is the promise of a future Web where all this digital
information, all these contacts, can be woven together into a single meaningful
experience
• More tools to make sense of trillions of pages on the Internet
• Pervasive web
• Internet of Things (Io T)
• Internet of People
• App Internet
• Increased cloud computing and Saa S
• Ubiquitous mobile connectivity
• Greater seamlessness of web as a whole

Cellular Systems
• Competing standards • Fourth-generation (4G)
– CDM A (Code Division Multiple Access) networks
: United States only – Up to 100 Mbps
– G S M (Global System for Mobile – Suitable for Internet
Communications) : Rest of video
world, A T&T, T-Mobile – LT E and Wi Max
• Third-generation (3G) • 5G Networks
networks – Gigabit capacity
– 144 Kbp s
– Currently under
– Suitable for e-mail development and early
access, web browsing test deployments
Cellular Systems
Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access
• Bluetooth (802.15) – Hotspots: one or more access
– Links up to 8 devices in 10-m points in public place to provide
maximum wireless coverage for
eter
area using low-power, radio-

based communication a specific area
– Useful for personal networking (P – Weak security features
AN s) • Wi Max (802.16)
• Wi-Fi (802.11) – Wireless access range of 31
– Set of standards: 802.11 miles
– Used for wireless L A N and – Require WiMax antennas
wireless Internet access
– Use access points: device with
radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a
wired L A N
Radio Frequency Identification (R F I
D)
• Use tiny tags with microchips containing data about an
item and location. Tag antennas to transmit radio signals
over short distances to special RFI D readers. Common
uses:
– Automated toll-collection
– Tracking goods in a supply chain
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN s)

• Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic,
or military activity
• Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”
How R F I D Works

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Computer Application in Management

1. Explain how Internet works.

• The Internet Society (ISOC), which is a consortium of corporations, government

Google – Index & Rank based on

Web crawler program that

• Search engine marketing

• Search engine optimization (SE O)

• Intelligent agent shopping bots

• Internet of Things (Io T)

• Increased cloud computing and Saa S

• Ubiquitous mobile connectivity

• Greater seamlessness of web as a whole

area using low-power, radio-

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN s)

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