Chapter 2 - Networking Telecommunication

Computer Application In Management
STID 1103
Chapter 2
INetworking and Telecommunications
Learning Objectives
7.1 What are the principal components of
telecommunications networks and key networking
technologies?
7.2 What are the different types of networks?
7.3 How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and
how do they support communication and e-business?
7.4 What are the principal technologies and standards for
wireless networking, communication, and Internet
access?
Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Networking and Communication
Trends
• In the Past
– Firms used two fundamentally types of networks:
 Telephone Networks
– Handles voice network only
 Computer Networks
– Handles data traffic
– Firm used computer network to transmit data between
computers in different locations only.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/21/how-much
-data-do-we-create-every-day-the-mind-blowing-stats-everyone-s
hould-read/#9a7682860ba9
Networking and Communication
Trends
• Today
– Telephone networks and computer networks
converging into single digital network using Internet-
based standards and technology
– Voice and data become more powerful (faster), more
portable (smaller and mobile), and less expensive.
– More than 76 percent U.S. Internet users have
broadband access with high-speed connection (up to
20 Mbps)
– Voice and data communication are increasingly taking
place over broadband wireless platforms, such as
mobile phone, mobile handheld device, PCs.
What Is a Computer Network?
• Two or more connected computers
• Major components in simple network (Figure 2.1)
– Client and server computers
– Network interfaces card (NIC s)
– Connection medium (wired or wireless)
 eg. Telephone line, coaxial cable, radio signal, Wi-Fi
– Network operating system (NO S)
 Route and manages communication on the network and
coordinate network resources.
– Hubs, switches, routers
 Acting as a connection point between the computers.
Figure 2.1 Components of a Simple
Computer Network
NIC
Hub
Router
Switch
Networks in Large Companies
• Network infrastructure for a large corporate consist of
small of local area networks (LAN s) linked to other network
and to firm-wide corporate network
• Various of powerful servers support a corporate website,
corporate intranet and extranet.
• Some of these servers link to other large computers
supporting backend systems (Figure 2.1)
• Mobile wireless LAN s (Wi-Fi networks)
• Videoconferencing system
• Telephone network, wireless cell phones
Figure 2.2 Corporate Network
Infrastructure
Key Digital Networking Technologies
• Digital networks and the Internet are based on three key
technologies: Client/Server, Packet Switching and TCP/IP
1. Client/server computing
– is a distributed computing model
– Clients linked through network controlled by network
server computer
– Server sets rules of communication for network and
provides every client with an address so others can find
it on the network
– The Internet is largest implementation of client/server
computing
continue
2. Packet switching
– is a method of slicing digital messages into parcels
(packets), sending packets along different
communication paths as they become available, and
then reassembling packets once they arrive at their
destination (Figure 2.3)
– Packet are transmitted over various communication
channel by using Routers and each packet travelling
independently.
– Packet will be route through many paths and network
before being reassembled into the original message
when they reach their destination.
Figure 2.3 Packet-Switched Networks
and Packet Communications
Sender
Receiver
Video (click here)
continue
3. TCP /IP and connectivity
– Diverse hardware and software component need to work
together to transmit information.
– Different components communicate with each other by
adhering to a common set of rules called Protocols.
– Protocol is a rules that governing transmission of
information between two points
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP /I P)
 is a common worldwide standard that is basis for the
Internet use by corporate network.
 develop in 1970s to support US Department of Defense
Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) to help scientist
transmit data among different types of computer over long
distance.
continue
• TCP /I P consist of 4 layers (Figure 2.4)
– Application layer
– Transport layer
– Internet layer
– Network interface layer
Figure 2.4 The Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (T C P/I P)
Reference Model
Signal: Digital versus Analog
• Two ways to communicate a message in a network:
– Analog signal
 Represented by a continuous waveform that pass through a
communication medium and has been used for audio
communication.
 Common analog device – telephone handset, computer
speaker, earphone.
– Digital Signal
 is a discrete, binary waveform rather than a continuous
waveform.
 Represented by on-off electrical pulse (bit 1 or 0)
• Computer use digital signal and required modem to

convert these digital signal to analog signal that can be
sent over (or receive from) telephone line, cable line or
wireless media that use analog signals (Figure 2.5)
Figure 2.5 Functions of the Modem
Modem: translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa)
Recap
• We covered
– Trend N&C in the past & nowadays
– What is computer network
– Computer network components
 Client & Server – NIC – NOS – Connecting Devices (hub, switch,
router)
– Key Networking technologies – client server, packet switching, TCP/IP
– Signal – Analog vs. Digital
• Next, we will learn

– Type of network
– Transmission media
– Wireless computer network
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVKjiH
Types of Networks CUpZo
• Four types of networks

– Local area networks (L A N s)
 Connect a few computers in a small office, all
computers in one building or all the computers
in several building in close proximity.
 Area: up to 500 meters; an office or floor of
building
– Wide area networks (W A N s)

 Span broad geographical distance, continents
or the entire globe.
 Computers are connected via public networks
such as telephone system, private cable
system, through lease line or satellites.
continue
– Metropolitan area networks (M A N s)
 Span a metropolitan area
 Usually a city and its major suburbs
 It scope is between WAN and LAN
– Campus area networks (C A N s)

 Connect within a college campus or
corporate facility
 Up to 1000 meters
Transmission Media and
Transmission Speed
• Network use different kind of physical transmission media
to connect the computer.
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Figure 2.6 Client/Server Computing
on the Internet
Wireless Computer Networks
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
has established a hierarchy of complementary standards for
wireless computer networks.
Wireless Computer Networks
• Bluetooth (802.15)
– Useful for creating personal area networking (P AN s)
– Has low power requirement
– Links up to 8 devices within 10-m area using low-
eter
power, radio-based communication and can transmit up

to 722 Kbps in 2.4Ghz band.
– Has been use in large corporations such as FedEx
drivers which use Bluetooth to transmit the delivery
data captured by their handheld computers to cellular
transmitters.
– Example of device use Bluetooth technology : (Figure
2.7) keyboard, mouse, printer, pagers, computers
Figure 2.7 A Bluetooth Network
Bluetooth enables a
variety of devices interact
wirelessly with each other
within a small area.
Continue
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
– Set of standards: 802.11
– Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
– In most WiFi communication, wireless devices connecting to
a wired LAN using access points (Figure 2.8)
– An access point is a box consisting of a radio
receiver/transmitter and antennas that link to a wired
network, router or hub.
Standard Speed Effective indoor Effective outdoor
range range
802.11 2 Mbps 20 meters 100 meters
802.11b 11 Mbps 35 meters 120 meters
802.11g Up to 54 Mbps 38 meters 140 meters
802.11n Up to 300 Mbps 70 meters 250 meters
https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553
Figure 2.8 An 802.11 Wireless L A N
801.11 wireless LAN

that connects a small
number of mobile
devices to a larger
wired LAN and to the
Internet
continue
– Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to
provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
– Weak security features
– Free or Pay
WiMax
• World wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• Design for rural group that don’t have cable or DSL service
to find wireless access
• IEEE standard 802.16
• Access range up to 31 miles
• Require W iM ax antennas
• Transmission speed : 30-40 Mbps (up to 1 Gbps)
• . DSL = Digital Subscriber Line
Wimax
Radio Frequency Identification (R F I
D)
• Use tiny tags with microchips containing data about an item
and location
• Enable to transmit radio signals over a short distances to
RF I D readers (Figure 2.9)
• RFID readers then pass the data over a network to a
computer for processing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpGLd
• Common uses: J2J0R0
– Automated toll-collection
– Tracking goods in a supply chain
• Use low power transmitter to read data store in a tag.
• Reduction in cost of tags making RFI D viable for many firms
Figure 2.9 How R F I D Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpGLd
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= J2J0R0
LYjlJ2tgMbg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Reyu_
axkwY
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN s)
• Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected
wireless devices (Figure 2.10)
• Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic,
or military activity
• Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas
• Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance
• Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”
Figure 2.10 A Wireless Sensor
Network
RFID
Continue
• Potential applications of sensor networks include:
– Industrial automation
– Automated and smart homes
– Video surveillance
– Traffic monitoring
– Medical device monitoring
– Monitoring of weather conditions
– Air traffic control
– Robot control.
https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/sensor-network

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Computer Application In Management

Video (click here)

• Computer use digital signal and required modem to

• Next, we will learn

• Four types of networks

– Wide area networks (W A N s)

– Campus area networks (C A N s)

Fiber Optic Cable

power, radio-based communication and can transmit up

801.11 wireless LAN

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