Respiratory System

of
Animals and Humans
 At the end of the lesson you are
expected to:
• compare the structures or
organs involved in gas
exchange in plants and animals;
• state the factors that affect gas
exchange; and,
• explain the breathing
mechanism in invertebrates and
vertebrates.
Types Animal based on backbone
INVERTEBRATES ANIMALS
Types Animal based on backbone
VERTEBRATES ANIMALS
MAMMAL
S
BIRD
S

FISH

AMPHIBIAN
S
REPTILES
Types Animal based on backbone
VERTEBRATES ANIMALS

AMPHIBIAN REPTILES
S
Gas Exchange
 Provides a means of supplying an organism
with oxygen and removing the carbon
dioxide.
Types of Gas Exchange

BODY SURFACE

GILLS
Types of Gas Exchange

TRACHEA

LUNGS
 Types of Gas Exchange
BODY SURFACE
Cnidarians, Sponges,
and Worms
They can easily
exchange gases using
their skin.

INTEGUMENTARY EXCHANGE- gases

diffuse across a moist body surface.
Types of Gas Exchange
BODY SURFACE

Amphibians breathe
through their skin as a
gas exchange surface.

DO FROGS SUFFOCATE UNDERWATER?

Types of Gas Exchange
TRACHEAL SYSTEM
 Types of Gas Exchange
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

Arthropods, such as
insects and spiders, have
tracheal system.

SPIRACLES- the small external opening of a

trachea.
FUNCTION: to allow air to enter the trachea.
IMPORTANCE: Prevent water loss.
Types of Gas Exchange
SPIRACLES
 Types of Gas Exchange
TRACHEAL SYSTEM
Animal doesn’t have spiracles.

1.
GIANT HAMMERHEAD SHARK
 Types of Gas Exchange
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

TRACHEA / BREATHING TUBES

FUNCTION: To carry out gaseous exchange.
IMPORTANCE: This primarily delivers oxygen
directly into the insects' tissues.
 Types of Gas Exchange
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

TRACHEOLES –
branch of small
tubes.
Filled with aqueous
substance.

 This is were oxygen can be dissolved from air

and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
 Types of Gas Exchange
GILLS
Found in more advance
marine invertebrates and
vertebrates.
GILL- is a respiratory
organ that extracts
dissolved oxygen from
water and excretes
carbon dioxide.
Types of Gas Exchange
GILLS
Types of Gas Exchange
GILLS
TRUE/FALSE
Dolphins and whales can breathe
underwater.
 Types of Gas Exchange
GILLS
MOVEMENT: Gills were waving back and forth
though water.
LIMITATIONS OF EXTERNAL GRILLS:
a. The are susceptible to damage from the
environment as they are exposed.
b. A considerable amount of energy is needed to
move them continually through the water.
c. Their appearance and motion draw attention to
predators.
Types of Gas Exchange
EXTERNAL GILLS

NUDIBRANCH
Types of Gas Exchange
INTERNAL GILLS

 OPERCULUM
LOCATION: Found on
eachFUNCTION:
side of headThe
FUNCTION:
bone plate Itthat
opens
andcovers
closes the
withgills.
the
exchange gases.
Types of Gas Exchange
INTERNAL GILLS
 Types of Gas Exchange
GILLS
FISHES CAN VENTILATE
IN THREE POSSIBLE
WAYS:
a. Drawing water on through
their mouth and out of their
operculum.
b. Swim while their mouth is open.
c. Rest near a water current while keeping their mouth
open
 Types of Gas Exchange
SALAMANDE
LUNGS R
• AMPHIBIANS
LOCATION: Inside the chest.
FUNCTION: To breathe atmospheric
oxygen.

• REPTILES
Breathe only through
their lungs and have dry, scaly
skin that prevents them from
SNAKE drying out. 
Types of Gas Exchange
LUNGS

BIRDS
Have a respiratory demand far greater than
the capacity of the lungs of an active mammal.
 Types of Gas Exchange
LUNGS
COMPONENTS BIRD
LUNGS
a. Series of air sacs
b. Parabronchi
Mammalian
Respiratory
System
 Cellular Respiration
• The process by which
organisms use oxygen to
break down food molecules
to get chemical energy for
cell functions.
• It releases stored energy in
glucose molecules and
converts it into a form
of energy that can be used
by cells.
 Respiratory System
• Responsible for performing the task of getting
oxygen into the blood and removing oxygen
out of the body.
PHASES OF GAS EXCHANGE IN
ANIMALS AND HUMANS

• Breathing
• Transport gases by the circulatory system.
• Exchange of gases in cells.
 Phase 1: Breathing
• Breathing –refers to
the act of taking air in
IS
andBREATHING
out of the lungs. THE SAME OR
• Respiration
RELATED – overall
IN RESPIRATION?
exchange of gases
between the
atmosphere, the blood,
and the cells.
Mammalian Respiratory System
How mammalian respiratory system
works?
• Before air the lungs reaches the lungs during
breathing, inhaled air must be filtered out and
moistened though nostrils.
• The processed air now moves through pharynx
that soon divided into the passageway of food
and water.
• One passageway leads to the digestive system
while other leads air until the larynx.
How mammalian respiratory system
works?
• Epiglottis directs the air down the respiratory
tract.
• Trachea connect the larynx to the lungs. In
here, mucus lining traps dust particles and
bacteria that have passed the nose.
• The filtered air now travels to the main organs
of respiratory system, lungs.
How mammalian respiratory system
works?
• Lungs are located in the chest cavity bounded
on the sides by ribs and diaphragm at the
bottom.
 Phase 2: Transport gases by the
circulatory system
• The circulatory system carries
oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells, and
removes waste products, like
carbon dioxide.
• Arteries carry blood away
from the heart and veins carry
blood back to the heart.
 Phase 3: Exchange of gases in cells.
• INTERNAL
RESPIRATION –
involves the body cells
that take up oxygen
from the blood and
releases carbon dioxide
to the blood.
Phase 3: Exchange of gases in cells.
 Phase 3: Exchange of gases in cells.
• The bronchi and bronchioles
of the lungs also contain
several protective devices
(cilia).
• These cilia beat in unison and
move mucus and particles out
of the bronchi and
bronchioles.
 Phase 3: Exchange of gases in cells.
• Inside the lungs, the air reaches the left and
right bronchi. The continue to divide into
narrower and narrower passage until they
become tiny tubes called bronchioles.
• At the end of the bronchioles, hundreds of
grapelike air sac called alveoli. These sacs are
gateway for oxygen into the body.
 Phase 3: Exchange of gases in cells.
• About 600 million of alveoli surrounded by
capillaries where gas exchange happens.
• As blood slowly moves into capillaries pick
ups oxygen and carries it to the cells. At the
same time it picks up carbon dioxide produce
by the cells during respiration and returns it
to the alveoli out of the body.
 References
 https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/herpetology/all-abou
t-amphibians/all-about-frogs
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)
 http://teacher.scholastic.com/dolphin/danint.htm#:~:text=Dolphins%20can't%20breat
he%20under,for%20life%20in%20the%20water
.
 https://youtu.be/PlNEabFZ5Qk?list=TLPQMDkwMjIwMjFthnz1Kc_T0g