Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Alternators
• The armature winding is more complex than the field and can
be constructed more easily on stationary armature.
• The armature winding can be braced more securely in rigid
frame.
• It is easier to insulate and protect the high-voltage armature
winding common to alternators.
• The armature winding is cooled more because the stator
case core can be made large enough and with many air
passages or air ducts for force air circulation.
• The low voltage field can be constructed for efficient high-
speed operation.
•
Alternator Construction
The main parts of the alternator are the following:
1. Stator. It is built up with stampings which are
insulated with paper varnish. The stator is housed in
frame which is fabricated from electrically welded
steel plates. Slots are cut around the inner surface
which accommodates the windings.
2. Rotor. It has rotating magnetic field poles as in dc
generators which are separately excited from a dc
source known as exciter.
Types of Rotor Construction
Two Types of Rotor
Construction:
1. Salient (or projecting)
poles. It is made of cast
iron steel of good
magnetic quality. These
types of rotors are used in
low speed and medium
speed machines. These
machines have short axial
length and large
diameters. Hydropower
alternators and diesel Types of rotors used in alternator.
engine alternators are of (A) Cylindrical type; (B) Salient-pole type
this type.
Types of Rotor Construction
2. Smooth-cylindrical type.
It is made of a solid steel
piece and slots and made on
the circumference of the
rotor to hold the field
windings. This type of rotor
is suitable for high speed
turbo alternators. This type
of rotor is cylindrical and has
a large axial length and
small diameter
𝒒𝝆
𝒌 𝒑=𝐬𝐢𝐧 =𝐬𝐢𝐧[𝒒 ( 𝟗𝟎° ) 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉]
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉=
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
Where: kp = pitch factor
q = qth harmonic (1 for fundamental or first harmonic, 3
for third harmonic, 5 for fifth harmonic and so on.
ρ = span of coil (coil pitch) in electrical degrees
Pitch Factor
Short-pitched winding or chorded winding – a winding is
said to be short-pitched or fractional-pitched if its coils are
placed less than one pitch (180 electrical degrees) apart.
𝒌 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒒𝒏 𝜹
𝟐
𝜹=
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝟐 )
𝒃
𝒒𝜹
Where:
kb = breadth factor
n = number of slots per pole per phase
δ = number of electrical degrees between adjacent slots
Sample Problems
1. Calculate the pitch factor for the given windings:
a. 36 stator slots, 4-poles, coil span = 1 to 8
Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
= =9
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 4 ρ
180°
Computing for the coil pitch
𝜌 180 °
= 𝜌=140 °
7 9
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜌
2
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
140 °
2 )
𝒌 𝒑=𝟎. 𝟗𝟒
Sample Problems
b. 72 stator slots, 6-poles, coil span = 1 to 10
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 72 ρ
= =12
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 6 180°
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜌
2 𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
123.75 °
2 ) 𝒌 𝒑=𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
Sample Problems
2. Calculate the breadth factor for a 36-slots, 4 pole,
single-layer, three phase winding.
Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 36
= =9
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 4 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
180 ° 180 ° 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 9 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝛿= = =20 ° 𝑛= = =3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 9 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑘 =
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑛𝛿
2
𝑘𝑏=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 × 20 °
2 )
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) ( )
𝑏
𝛿 20 °
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝒌 𝒃=𝟎 .𝟗𝟔
Sample Problems
3. An alternator has 18 slots per pole and the first coil lies in slots
1 and 16. Calculate the pitch factor for (a) fundamental (b) 3 rd
harmonic.
𝑘𝑝1=𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1 ×150 °
2 ) 𝒌 𝒑 𝟏=𝟎. 𝟗𝟕
𝑘𝑝3 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
3 ×150 °
2 ) 𝒌 𝒑 𝟑=𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
Sample Problems
4. A 3-φ, 16-pole alternator has a star-connected winding with 144
slots and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.03
Weber sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 rpm. Find
the frequency and the phase and line emf. Assume full-pitched
coil.
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑍 =10 ×144 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 ÷ 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=480
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
180 ° 180 °
𝛿= = =20 °
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
( )
144
16
𝑛=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
=
( 16 )
144
=3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑛𝛿
2
𝑘𝑏=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ×20 °
2 ) =0.96
𝑘 =
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) ( )
𝑏
𝛿 20 °
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑝𝑁 ( 16 )( 375 )
𝑓= 𝑓= 𝒇 =𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
120 120
Assume full-pitched, kp = 1
𝐸 𝐿 =√ 3 ( 𝐸𝑝h ) 𝐸 𝐿 =√ 3 ( 1,534.46 )
𝑬 𝑳=𝟐,𝟔𝟓𝟕.𝟕𝟔𝑽
Sample Problems
5. The stator of a 3-φ, 16-pole alternator has 144 slots and there
are 4 conductors per slot connected in two layers and the
conductors of each phase are connected in series. If the speed of
the alternator is 375 rpm, calculate the emf per phase. Resultant
flux in the air-gap is 5 x 10-2 Weber sinusoidally distributed.
Assume the coil span as 150° electrical.
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑍 =4 ×144 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 ÷ 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=192
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
180 ° 180 °
𝛿= = =20 °
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
( )
144
16
𝑛=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
=
( 16 )
144
=3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜌
2
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 (
150 °
=0.97 )
𝑘 =
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑛𝛿
2
𝑘𝑏=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ×20 °
2 ) =0.96
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) ( )
𝑏
𝛿 20 °
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑝𝑁 ( 16 )( 375 )
𝑓= 𝑓= =50 Hz
120 120
𝐸 𝑝h =2.22 𝑓 𝜙 𝑚 𝑍 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑏
𝑬𝒑𝒉=𝟗𝟗𝟐.𝟐𝟗𝑽
Sample Problems
6. An alternator on open circuit generates 360 V at 60 Hz when
the field current is 3.6 A. Neglecting saturation, determine the open-
circuit emf when the frequency is 40 Hz and the field current is 2.4
A.
Solution:
𝐸 𝑝h =2.22 𝑓 𝜙 𝑚 𝑍 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑏
If Z, kp and kb are constants and is proportional to ,
𝐸 𝑝h =𝑘 𝑓 𝐼 𝑓 𝐸 𝑝 h1=𝑘1 𝑓 1 𝐼 𝑓 1 ⟶ 𝑒𝑞.(1)
𝐸 𝑝 h2=𝑘2 𝑓 2 𝐼 𝑓 2 ⟶ 𝑒𝑞 .(2)
Dividing eq. (2) by eq. (1),
𝐸 𝑝h 2 𝑘2 𝑓 2 𝐼 𝑓 2
= k1 = k2 = k (same machine)
𝐸 𝑝h1 𝑘1 𝑓 1 𝐼 𝑓 1
( )( )
𝐸 𝑝 h 2 40 2.4
=
360 60 3.6
𝑬𝒑 𝒉𝟐=𝟏𝟔𝟎𝑽
Sample Problems
7. A 4-pole, 3-φ, 50 Hz, star-connected, alternator has 60 slots,
with 4 conductors per slot. Coils are short-pitched by 3 slots. If
the phase spread is 60°, find the line voltage induced for a flux
per pole of 0.943 Wb distributed sinusoidally in space. All the turns
per phase are in series.
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑍 =4 × 60 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 ÷ 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=80
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 60 180 ° 180 °
= =15 𝛿= = =12 °
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 4 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 15
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 15 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑛= = =5
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑘 =
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑛𝛿
2
𝑘 𝑏=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
5 × 12 °
2
=0.96
)
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
𝑏
𝛿
2
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
12 °
2 )
Since the coils are short-pitched by 3 slots, the coil pitch is 12 slots
Computing for the coil pitch
𝜌 180 °
= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
12 15
ρ
𝜌=144 ° 180°
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )𝜌
2 𝐸 𝐿 =√ 3 [ 2.22 𝑓 𝜙 𝑚 𝑍 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑏 ]
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛
2(
144 °
)
=0.95 𝐸 𝐿 =√ 3 [ 2.22 ( 50 ) ( 0.943 ) ( 80 ) ( 0.95 )( 0.96 ) ]
𝑬 𝑳=𝟏𝟑 ,𝟐𝟐𝟕 .𝟓𝟕𝑽
Sample Problems
8. A 4-pole, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator has 15 slots per pole
and each slot has 10 conductors. All the conductors of each
phase are connected in series. The winding factor being 0.95.
When running on no-load for a certain flux per pole, the terminal
emf was 1,825 volts. If the windings are lap-connected as in a dc
machine, what would be emf between brushes for the same speed
and the same flux/pole. Assume sinusoidal distribution of flux.
Assume full-pitched winding.
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑍 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =10 ×15 × 4 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒=600 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑍 =600 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 ÷ 3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=200
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑘𝑏=0.96 𝑘𝑝 =1
𝐸 𝑝h =2.22 𝑓 𝜙 𝑚 𝑍 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑏 1,825
=2.22 ( 50 ) ( 𝜙 𝑚 ) ( 200 ) ( 1 ) ( 0.95 )
√3
𝜙 𝑚 =49.96 𝑚𝑊𝑏
𝑝𝑁 4𝑁
𝑓=
120
50=
120
𝑁 =1,500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑬𝒈=𝟕𝟒𝟗 .𝟒𝟎𝑽
Sample Problems
9. Calculate the rms value of the induced emf per phase of a 10-
pole, 3-φ, 50-Hz alternator with 2 slots per pole per phase and 4
conductors per slot in two layers. The coil span is 150°. The flux
per pole has a fundamental component of 0.12 Wb and a 20%
third component.
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑍 =4 ×2 ×10 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒=80
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑛=2 =2 ×3 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=6
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒
180 ° 180 °
𝜌=150 ° 𝛿=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
=
6
=30 °
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
) 𝑞𝑛 𝛿
𝑘𝑝 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑞𝜌
𝑘 =
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2
𝐸 𝑝h =2.22 𝑓 𝜙 𝑚 𝑍 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑏
2 )
𝑏
2 𝑞𝛿
𝐸 𝑝 h1=1,002.62 𝑉
For the third harmonic, q = 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 × 2× 30 °
) =0.71
(
3 ×150 °
)
2
𝑘𝑝3 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 =0.71 𝑘 𝑏 3=
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 × 30 °
2 )
𝜙 𝑚 3 =0.20 ( 0.12 ) =0.024 𝑊𝑏
𝑓 3=3 ( 50 )=150 𝐻𝑧 𝐸 𝑝 h3=2.22 ( 150 )( 0.024 ) ( 80 )( 0.71 ) ( 0.71 )
𝐸 𝑝 h3=322.30 𝑉
𝑬 𝒈=𝑽 𝑻 +𝑰 𝒂 𝒁 𝑺 𝒁 𝑺= 𝑹 𝒂+ 𝒋 𝑿 𝑺 𝑿 𝑺= 𝑿 𝑳 + 𝑿 𝒇
Where:
Eg = generated voltage per phase
E = induced emf due to armature reaction
VT = terminal voltage per phase
ZS = synchronous impedance per phase
Ra = armature resistance per phase
Xs = synchronous reactance per phase
XL = armature leakage reactance per phase
Xf = fictitious reactance per phase due to armature reaction
Vector Diagrams
of a Loaded Generator
1. For lagging p.f load
Eg
IaZS
E
IaZ
θ VT
IaRa
Ia
Vector Diagrams
of a Loaded Generator (cont.)
2. For unity p.f. load
IaXf
Eg
IaZS
I aX S
E
I aX L
I aZ
Ia VT IaRa
Vector Diagrams
of a Loaded Generator (cont.)
3. For leading p.f load
IaZS
Eg
E
Ia
IaZ
θ IaRa
VT
Generated Voltage
of an Alternator
• By Formula
𝑬 𝒈=√ ¿ ¿ ¿
Use:
(+) if power factor is lagging
(-) if power factor is leading
Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation of an alternator is:
𝑬 𝒈 −𝑽 𝑻
%𝑽𝑹= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽𝑻
Note:
• When the alternator has a leading load p.f, it will have a
negative voltage regulation
• When the alternator has a lagging load p.f, it will have a
positive voltage regulation
Sample Problems
10. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator supplies a load of 10 MW
at p.f. 0.85 lagging and at 11 kV (terminal voltage). Its
resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and synchronous reactance
0.66 ohm per phase. Calculate the line value of e.m.f.
generated.
Solution:
Let be the reference vector,
11,000
𝑉 𝑇= ∠0 ° 𝑉
√3
10 ×10 6 −1
𝐼 𝑎= ∠ − cos ( 0.85 )
√ 3 ( 11,000 ) ( 0.85 )
𝐼 𝑎=617.49 ∠−31.79 ° 𝐴
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑍 𝑆
11,000
𝐸𝑔 = ∠ 0 °+ ( 617.49∠ − 31.79 ° )( 0.1+ 𝑗 0.66 )
√3
𝐸𝑔 =6,625.47 ∠ 2.72° 𝑉
𝐸𝑔 =√ 3 ( 6,625.47 ) ∠ 2.72°+30 ° 𝑉
Solution:
Let be the reference vector,
𝑉 𝑇 =220 ∠0 ° 𝑉
60 × 103
|𝐼 𝑎|= 220
|𝐼 𝑎|=272.72 𝐴
𝐸 𝑔 −𝑉 𝑇
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑍 𝑆 % 𝑉𝑅= ×100 %
𝑉𝑇
−1
(a) At unity pf load 𝜃=cos ( 1 )=0 °
𝐼 𝑎=272.72 ∠0 ° 𝐴
𝐸𝑔 =220 ∠ 0 °+ ( 272.72∠ 0° )( 0.016 + 𝑗 0.07 )=22 5.17 ∠ 4.86 °𝑉
225.17 − 220
% 𝑉𝑅=
2 20
× 100 % %𝑽𝑹=𝟐.𝟑𝟓%
𝜃=cos− 1 ( 0.7 )=45.57 °
(b) At 0.7 lagging load
𝐼 𝑎=272.72 ∠− 45.57 ° 𝐴
𝐸𝑔 =220 ∠ 0 °+ ( 272.72∠− 45.57 ° ) ( 0.016 + 𝑗 0.07 )=2 36.91 ∠2.48 °𝑉
236.91 −220
% 𝑉𝑅=
220
×100 % %𝑽𝑹=𝟕.𝟔𝟗%
(c) At 0.7 leading load 𝜃=cos− 1 ( 0.7 )=45.57 °
𝐼 𝑎=272.72 ∠45.57 ° 𝐴
Solution:
Let be the reference vector,
3,300
𝑉 𝑇= ∠0 ° 𝑉
√3
1 , 00 0× 103 −1
𝐼 𝑎= ∠ −cos ( 0.8 )
√ 3 ( 3,3 00 )
𝐼 𝑎=174.95 ∠−36.87 ° 𝐴
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑍 𝑆
3,3 00
𝐸𝑔 = ∠0 °+ ( 174.95 ∠−36.87 ° )( 0.5+ 𝑗 5 )
√3
𝐸𝑔 =2,582.53 ∠14.52 ° 𝑉
At same excitation and same load current at 0.80 p.f. leading.
𝐼 𝑎=174.95 ∠36.87 ° 𝐴
2,582.53 ∠14.52 °=𝑉 𝑇 + (174.95 ∠ 36.87 ° )( 0.5+ 𝑗 5 )
𝑉 𝑇 =2,956.77 ∠− 2.03 °𝑉
𝑉 𝑇 =√ 3 ( 2,956.77 ) ∠− 2.03 °+30 °𝑉
( )
11,000 2
( )
2
2 12,370
= (100 × 0.4 ) + −100 𝑋 𝑆
√3 √3
𝑋 𝑆 =7.91 Ω
When supplying full-load at 0.8 p.f. lag.
3 ×10 6 −1
𝐼 𝑎= ∠ − cos ( 0.8 )
√ 3 ( 11,000 )
𝐼 𝑎=157.46 ∠− 36.87 ° 𝐴
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑍 𝑆
11,000
𝐸𝑔 = ∠ 0 °+ (1 57.46 ∠− 36.87 ° ) ( 0.4+ 𝑗 7.91 )
√3
𝐸𝑔 =7,212.54 ∠7.64 °𝑉
11, 000
7,212.54 −
√3 × 100 %
% 𝑉𝑅 =
11 , 000
%𝑽𝑹=𝟏𝟑.𝟓𝟕 %
√3
Operation of
Salient Pole Machines
• A multipolar machine with cylindrical rotor has a uniform air-gap,
because of which its reactance remains the same, irrespective of
the spatial position of the rotor. However, a synchronous
machine with salient or projecting poles has non-uniform air-gap
due to which its reactance varies with the rotor position.
Eg Ia
VT
𝑬 𝒈=𝑽 𝑻 +𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝒋 𝑰 𝒅 𝑿 𝒅+ 𝒋 𝑰 𝒒 𝑿 𝒒 𝑰 𝒂 =𝑰 𝒅 +𝑰 𝒒
Where: Xd = direct axis reactance per phase
Xq = quadrature axis reactance per phase
Id = direct axis current per phase
Iq = quadrature axis current per phase
Phasor Diagram for a Salient
Pole Synchronous Machine
• For a lagging power factor load
Eg
IqXq
Iq IaXq
δ VT
ψ θ
IdXd
Ia IaRa
ψ δ IqXq
θ IaXq
VT
Ia
Id
IaRa
Id X d
Where: ψ = internal power factor angle
δ = load angle
θ = power factor angle
Generated Voltage of Salient
Pole Synchronous Machine
• By Formula
𝑽 𝑻 𝐬𝐢𝐧(± 𝜽)± 𝑰 𝒂 𝑿 𝒒
𝑬 𝒈=𝑽 𝑻 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜹± 𝑰 𝒒 𝑹𝒂 ± 𝑰 𝒅 𝑿 𝒅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝍=
𝑽 𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔(±𝜽)± 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹 𝒂
𝑰 𝒅 =𝑰 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝍 Use:
(+) For synchronous generator
𝑰 𝒒 =𝑰 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝍 (-) For synchronous motor
Use
𝝍 =𝜽 ± 𝜹 +θ For lagging power factor
-θ For leading power factor
Power Developed by a Salient
Pole Synchronous Generator
• Neglecting Ra, the power developed (Pd) by a a salient-
pole alternator is derived as:
( )
𝑬𝒈 𝑽𝑻 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑷 𝒅 /𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜹+ 𝑽 𝑻 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝜹
𝑿𝒅 𝟐 𝑿𝒒 𝑿 𝒅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅=𝟑×𝑷 𝒅
Where: Eg = emf generated per phase
VT = terminal voltage per phase
Sample Problems
14. A 3-phase alternator has a direct-axis synchronous reactance of
0.7 p.u. and a quadrature axis synchronous reactance of 0.4
p.u. For full-load 0.8 p.f. lagging, obtain (a) the load angle and
(b) the no-load per unit voltage.
Solution:
Let 𝐼 𝑎=1 𝑝 . 𝑢 .
tan 𝜓=
𝑉 𝑇 sin (𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑋 𝑞 cos 𝜃=0.8 sin 𝜃=0.6
𝑉 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅𝑎
( 1 ) ( 0.6 )+(1)( 0.4)
tan 𝜓 =
( 1 ) ( 0.8 )+(1)( 0)
𝜓=51.34 ° 𝜃=cos− 1 ( 0.8 )=36.87 °
(a) For the load angle
𝜓=𝜃+𝛿
51.34 °=36.87 °+𝛿
𝜹=𝟏𝟒 .𝟒𝟕 °
(b) For the no-load per unit voltage
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 cos 𝛿+𝐼 𝑞 𝑅𝑎 +𝐼 𝑑 𝑋 𝑑
𝐸𝑔 =𝑉 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅𝑎 cos𝜓+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑋 𝑑 sin 𝜓
𝐸𝑔 =(1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 14.47 ° ) +(1)(0)cos ( 51.34 ° )+ ( 1 ) ( 0.7 ) sin (51.34 ° )
𝑬 𝒈=𝟏.𝟓𝟏∠𝟎° 𝒑.𝒖.
Sample Problems
15. A 3-phase, star-connected, 50-Hz synchronous generator has
direct-axis synchronous reactance of 0.6 p.u. and quadrature-
axis synchronous reactance of 0.45 p.u. The generator delivers
rated kVA at rated voltage. For a full-load 0.8 p.f. lagging load,
calculate the voltage regulation. Resistive drop at full-load is
0.015 p.u.
Solution:
Let 𝐼 𝑎=1 𝑝 . 𝑢 .
tan 𝜓=
𝑉 𝑇 sin (𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑋 𝑞 cos 𝜃=0.8 sin 𝜃=0.6
𝑉 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅𝑎
( 1 ) ( 0.6 )+(1)( 0.45)
tan 𝜓 =
( 1 ) ( 0.8 ) +0.015
𝜓=52.18 ° 𝜃=cos− 1 ( 0.8 )=36.87 °
𝜓=𝜃+𝛿 52 .18 °=36.87 °+𝛿
𝛿=1 5.31°
%𝑽𝑹=𝟒𝟓%
Sample Problems
16. A single-phase, synchronous generator supplies current of 10 A
having phase angle of 20° lagging at 200 V. Find the load angle
and the components of armature current Id and Iq if Xd = 10
ohms and Xq = 6.5 ohms. Assume armature resistance to be
negligible.
Solution:
|𝑉 𝑇|= 200 𝑉 𝐼 𝑎=10 ∠−20 ° 𝐴
𝑉 𝑇 sin (𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑋 𝑞
tan 𝜓=
𝑉 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+ 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜓=35.37 °
(a) For the load angle
𝑰 𝒅 =𝟓 . 𝟕𝟗∠−𝟗𝟎° 𝑨
𝑰 𝒒 =𝟖.𝟏𝟓∠𝟎° 𝑨