HEPATITIS

Presented by:
DEEKSHA S
2ND YEAR PHARM D
20PHPH010005
 INTRODUCTION
HEPATITIS is a broad term that means
INFLAMMATION OF LIVER.

 It is the most commonly caused by virus but also

be caused by drugs(alcohol),chemicals,
autoimmune diseases and metabolic
abnormalities.
 Hepatitis can heal on its own with no significant
consequence, or it can progress to scarring of
liver(liver cirrhosis)
 Acute hepatitis lasts under six months while
chronic hepatitis lasts longer
  Auto immune hepatitis is a disease that occurs
when your body makes antibodies against your
liver tissue.
TYPES OF HEPATITIS
 HEPATITIS A
• Hepatitis A is an inflammation of
the liver caused by the hepatitis
A virus (HAV).
• The virus is primarily spread
when an uninfected (and
unvaccinated) person ingests
food or water that is
contaminated with the faeces of
an infected person.
• The disease is closely associated
with unsafe water or food,
inadequate sanitation, poor
personal hygiene and oral-anal
sex.
HEPATITIS B
 HEPATITIS B
 Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver
infection.

 It is a major global health problem. It can cause

chronic infection and puts people at high risk of
death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

  Two billion people (or 1 in 3) have been

infected and about 300 million people are
living with a chronic hepatitis B infection. Each
year up to 1 million people die from hepatitis
B despite the fact that it is preventable and
treatable.  
 CAUSITIVE ORGANISM
 Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis
B virus (HBV)
 Hepatitis B virus is a partially double-stranded DNA virus.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CAUSITIVE ORGANISM
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood and sexual fluids. This can
most commonly occur in the following ways:

  Direct contact with infected blood

 From an infected pregnant person to their newborn during pregnancy and
childbirth
 Needles and other medical/dental equipment's or procedures that are
contaminated or not sterile
 Unprotected sex
 Body piercing, tattooing even nail salons are other potential routes of
infection unless sterile needles and equipment are used
  Sharing sharp instruments such as razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers,
earrings and body jewelry can be a source of infection. Hepatitis B is NOT
transmitted casually. It cannot be spread through toilet seats, doorknobs,
sneezing, coughing, hugging or eating meals with someone who is infected
with hepatitis B.
 During lactation period.
SYMPTOMS
 SYMPTOMS
• Abdominal pain.
• Dark urine.
• Fever.
• Joint pain.
• Loss of appetite.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Weakness and fatigue.
• Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your
eyes (jaundice)
 DIAGNOSIS
Hepatitis B surface antigen test
 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a blood test ordered to determine if someone is infected with the
hepatitis B virus.
• Test Procedure
• Open cassette or device pouch.
• Label it.
• Put a drop of serum or plasma.
• Wait for 15 minutes.
• Observation
• Observe the pink band.
• Device  A: one band at the control and another at the test region
• Device  B: Only on the band at the control region
• Result and Interpretation
• Only one band at control region: Test Negative
• Two bands one at control region while another at test region: Test Positive
• No band at all or band only at test region: Test Invalid
• In this condition, repeat the test with another test device
• Device A-Positive
• Device B: Negative as shown above picture.
RESULT
 DIAGNOSIS

.
Hepatitis B core antibody test
The hepatitis B core antigen test shows whether you’re currently living with
HBV. Positive results usually mean you have acute or chronic hepatitis B. It
may also mean you’re recovering from acute hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B surface antibody test

A hepatitis B surface antibody test is used to check for immunity to HBV. A
positive test means you’re immune to hepatitis B. There are two possible
reasons for a positive test: you may have been vaccinated, or you may have
recovered from an acute HBV infection and are no longer contagious.

Liver function tests

Liver function tests are important in individuals with hepatitis B or any liver
disease. Liver function tests check your blood for the number of enzymes
your liver makes. High levels of liver enzymes indicate a damaged or inflamed
liver. These results can also help determine which part of your liver may be
functioning abnormally.
 DIAGNOSIS

Liver ultrasound
 A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver
damage.

Liver biopsy.
Your doctor might remove a small sample of your liver for testing (liver biopsy) to
check for liver damage. During this test, your doctor inserts a thin needle through
your skin and into your liver and removes a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
 TREATMENT
Antiviral medications.
 Several antiviral medications — including entecavir (Baraclude),
tenofovir (Viread), lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) and
telbivudine (Tyzeka) — can help fight the virus and slow its ability to
damage your liver.
 TREATMENT
Interferon injections. 
Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) is a man-made version of a substance produced by the
body to fight infection. It's used mainly for young people with hepatitis B who wish
to avoid long-term treatment. Interferon should not be used during pregnancy. Side
effects may include nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing and depression.
 TREATMENT
Liver transplant. 
If your liver has been severely damaged, a liver transplant may be an
option
PREVENTION
 PREVENTION
 Avoid multiple sex partners
 Practice safe sex. Use condoms
 Talk to your partner and get tested for HBV
 Avoid sharing needles and syringes
 Avoid sharing razor blades and toothbrushes as well
 Get vaccinated for HBV
 Avoid body piercing and tattooing
 Healthcare workers must be careful while handling needles and blood
products
 The donor must be thoroughly checked for infection before transfusion or
transplantation
 HEPATITIS B VACCINE
• Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B.
• Recombivax is a prescription medicine used as a vaccine as a
prophylaxis to Hepatitis B.
 HEPATITIS C,D,E
• Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Hepatitis C is spread through contact with blood from an infected person

• Hepatitis D, also known as “delta hepatitis,” is a liver infection caused by

the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Hepatitis D only occurs in people who are also
infected with the hepatitis B virus.

• Hepatitis E is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). HEV is
found in the stool of an infected person. It is spread when someone
unknowingly ingests the virus – even in microscopic amounts
 WORLD HEPATITIS DAY
• World Hepatitis Day, observed on July 28 every year
THANK YOU