Comparison Between AISC LRFD and ASD

General Comparison between
AISC LRFD and ASD
Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group
Las Vegas, Nevada
June 22-25, 2005
1
AISC ASD and LRFD
• AISC = American Institute of Steel
Construction
• ASD = Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition
• LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
2
AISC Steel Design Manuals
• 1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition
• 1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

• 1993 AISC LRFD 2nd Edition
• 1999 AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
3
ASD and LRFD
Major Differences
• Load Combinations and load factors
• ASD results are based on the stresses and
LRFD results are based on the forces and
moments capacity
• Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but
nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
• Beams and flexural members
• Cb computation
4
ASD Load Combinations
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
• 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
5
ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
• PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

• ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3
6
LRFD Load Combinations
• 1.4D
• 1.2D + 1.6L
• 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
• 1.2D ± 1.0E + 0.5L
• 0.9D ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
7
Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
8
Forces and Stresses
• ASD = actual stress values are
compared to the AISC
allowable stress values
• LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments
capacity
9
ASTM Steel Grade
• Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9th Edition
on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition on
Page 2-24
• A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
• A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
• A441 not available in LRFD
• A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
• A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
• A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD
• A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
• A847 is new in LRFD
10
Slenderness Ratio
• Compression
KL/r ≤ 200
• Tension
L/r ≤ 300
11
Tension Members
• Check L/r ratio
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Gross Area
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Net Area
12
Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag ≤ Ft Gross Area
ft = FX/Ae ≤ Ft Net Area
LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ag Fy ϕt = 0.9 for Gross Area
Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ae Fu ϕt = 0.75 for Net Area
13
Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)
Gross Area Ft = 0.6Fy

Net Area Ft = 0.5Fu
LRFD (LRFD Section D1)
Gross Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fy Ag ϕt = 0.9

Net Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fu Ae ϕt = 0.75
14
Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6L
0.6Fy (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)
0.5Fu (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)
ASD × (1.5) = LRFD

15
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT
Z X o
-400.
16
Tension Members
• Member is 15 feet long
• Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 400 kips tension force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
17
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
18
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989
19
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) × ASD
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

6 4 0 .8 8 1 1.0 0 .9 8 9
A rea fo r L R F D  1 3.5     1 4 .3 9 5
40 0 .68 8 1.5 0 .9 8 9
LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

20
Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips Ratio = 0.928

640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
6 4 0 .8 8 1 1.0
L R F D R atio co m p uted fro m A S D  0 .9 2 8    0 .9 8 9
4 0 0 .7 3 4 1.5
LRFD W10x49 Ratio = 0.989
21
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
22
Compression Members
• Check KL/r ratio
• Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
• Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e
• Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw
ratios
• Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
23
Compression Members
ASD
fa = FX/Ag ≤ Fa
LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕc Pn = ϕc Ag Fcr
Where ϕc = 0.85
24
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
b/t = h/t95
w /= F y
253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = h/t0w.5 6= E / F y 1.4 9 E / F y
25
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
b/t = 95 / F y h/tw =2 5 3 / F y
LRFD
b/t = 9 5.3 6 / Fy h/tw =2 5 3.7 4 / Fy

26
Compression Members
ASD KL/r ≤ C′c (ASD E2-1 or A-B5-
11)
  KL / r 2 
Q 1  2
F y
 2 C c  2 2 E
Fa  W h ere C c 
5 3  KL / r   KL / r 
3
QFy
  3
3 8 C c 8 C c
 c Q  1.5
LRFD (LRFD A-E3-
 F KL F y
2) Q c 2
F cr  Q 0 .6 5 8 y
W h ere c 
r E
27
Compression Members
ASD KL/r > C′c (ASD E2-2)
12 2 E 2 2 E
Fa  W h ere C c 
2 3  KL / r 
2
QFy
LRFD c Q  1.5 (LRFD A-E3-

3)
 0 .8 7 7  KL Fy
F cr   2  F y W h ere c 
 c  r E
28
Compression Members
LRFD
 0 .8 7 7  KL Fy
F cr   2 F y W h ere c 
 c  r E
 
 
 
0 .8 7 7
F cr   2
F y
  
  KL F y  
  r  E 
 
 
0 .8 7 7  2 E 2 0 .1 71 2 E
F cr  F cr 
2 3 K L / r 
2
 KL / r  2
29
Compression Members
ASD LRFD
12 2 E 2 0 .1 7 1 2 E
Fa  F cr 
2 3  KL / r 
2
2 3 K L / r 
2
Fcr / Fa = 1.681
LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa × 1.681

30
Compression Members
ASD  K y L Y K z L z  KL  
KL / r   , ,  
 ry rz  r e
 KL  E (ASD C-
E2-2) W h ere    
 r e Fe
LRFD
λc = Maximum of ( λcy , λcz , λe )
31
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
K y Ly Fy
 cy 
ry  E
K z Lz Fy
 cz 
rz  E
Fy
e 
Fe
32
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
 2 EC  1.0
w
Fe    GJ 
  K x L x 
2
 I y  I z
33
Qs Computation
ASD
W h en 95 / Fy / k c  b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Q s  1.2 9 3  0 .0 0 3 0 9 ( b / t ) F y / k c
4 .0 5
kc  if h / t  7 0 , otherw ise k c  1.0
h / t  0.46
LRFD
W h en 0 .5 6 E / F y  b / t  1.0 3 E / F y
Q s  1.41 5  0 .7 4 ( b / t ) F y / E
34
Qs Computation
ASD
W h en 95 / F y / k c  b / t  19 5 / Fy / k c
Q s  1.2 9 3  0 .0 0 3 0 9 ( b / t ) F y / k c
LRFD
W h en 9 5 .3 6 / F y  b / t  1 7 5 .4 / Fy
Q s  1.4 1 5  0 .0 0 4 3 4 5 ( b / t ) F y
35
Qs Computation
ASD
W h en b / t 195 / Fy / k c

Q s  2 6 2 00 k c / F y b / t 
2

LRFD
W h en b / t  1.0 3 E / F y

Q s  0 .6 9 E / F y b / t 
2

36
Qs Computation
ASD W h en b / t 195 / Fy / k c

Q s  2 6 2 0 0 k c / F y b / t 
2

LRFD W h en b / t  1 7 5 .4 / Fy

Q s  2 0 0 1 0 / F y b / t 
2

37
Qa Computation
ASD
25 3 t  4 4 .3 
be  1    b
f  ( b / t ) f 
LRFD
E  0 .3 4 E 
b e  1.9 1t 1    b
f  (b / t ) f 
3 2 5 .2 6 t  5 7 .9 
Assu m e E  2 9 0 0 0 ksi , be  1  
f  ( b / t ) f 
38
Compression Members
o -100.
Z X FIXED JOINT
39
Compression Members
• Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 100 kips compression force at the free end
LRFD codes
40
Compression Members
ASD
LRFD
41
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944
42
Compression Members
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) × ASD Fa
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

1 6 0 .96 7 1.0 1.0 0 .9 4 1
A rea fo r L R F D  1 4 .4      1 6 .0 5
1 0 0 .73 4 1.68 1 0 .85 0 .9 4 4
LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch
43
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845

160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
1 6 0 .9 6 7 1.0 1.0
L R F D R atio co m p uted fro m A S D  0 .8 45     0 .94 4
10 0 .8 0 6 1.6 8 1 0 .85
44
Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
45
Flexural Members
• Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
• Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender
• When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
• When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and
WLB are checked
• LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange
46
Flexural Members
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
47
ASD
b / t  65 / Fy d / t w  640 / Fy
LRFD
b / t  0 .3 8 E / F y h / t w  3 .7 6 E / F y
b / t  6 4 .7 / Fy h / t w  64 0 .3 / Fy
48
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)
Fb = 0.66Fy
LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)
ϕb Mn = ϕb Mp = ϕb Fy ZZ ≤ 1.5Fy SZ
Where ϕb = 0.9
49
Flexural Members
Compact Section
-15.00
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT 50
Flexural Members
Compact Section
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft uniform load
LRFD codes
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
51
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
LRFD
52
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 Sz = 68.4 in.3
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3
53
Flexural Members
Compact Section
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) × ASD
3 4 6 2 .9 33 0 .6 6 0 .9 5 9
Zz fo r L R F D  6 8 .4     7 8 .3
2 1 6 5 .7 7 7 0 .9 0 .9 8 2
LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

54
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40

3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
34 62 .9 3 3 0 .66 68 .4
L R F D R atio co m puted fro m A S D  0 .95 9     0 .9 8 1
21 65.7 7 7 0 .9 78 .4
LRFDW18x40 Ratio = 0.982
55
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
56
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
• Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
• Compute Cb
• Compute Qs
• Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
• Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
57
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
58
ASD
65 Fy  b t  95 Fy
d t w  64 0 Fy h t w  76 0 Fb
LRFD
0 .3 8 E F y  b / t  0 .8 3 E F L
3 .7 6 E F y  h t w  5 .7 E F y
59
ASD
65 Fy  b t  95 Fy
d t w  64 0 Fy h t w  76 0 Fb
LRFD
6 4 .7 / F y  b / t  1 4 1.3 / FL
6 4 0 .3 / F y  h t w  97 0 .7 / Fy
60
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
 bf 
F b  F y 0 .7 9  0 .0 0 2 Fy  (ASD F1-3)
 2t f 
 76 b f 2 00 00 
If L b  L c  m inim um  or
 F
 y  
d A f F y  (ASD F1-2)
ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.
61
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
102  10 3 Cb l 510 10 3 Cb
When  
Fy rT Fy
F y l / rT 
2
2 
Fb     F y  0 .6 F y Q s (ASD F1-6)
3 1530 10 3 Cb 
 
62
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
l 5 10  10 3 C b
When 
rT Fy
170 10 3 Cb
Fb   0 .6 F y Q s (ASD F1-7)
l / rT  2
63
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
For any value of l/rT
12  10 3 Cb
Fb   0 .6 F y Q s (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f
64
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

2. FLB, Flange Local Buckling
3. WLB, Web Local Buckling
65
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
– LTB
• Compute Cb
• Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
λ = Lb/ry
• Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
– FLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, λ = b/t
– WLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio of
the web, λ = h/tw
66
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λr
    p 
(LRFD M
A-F1-2)
n  Cb M p 
 M p Mr 
    M p
   r   p  
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
M r = FL S z FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = Lb/ry
λp = 1.76 E F yf
67
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
Where:
X1
λr = 1  1  X 2 F L2
FL
 E G JA
X1 =
Sz 2
2
Cw  Sz 
X2 =4 I  G J 
y
68
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λ r
    p 
M n  M p 
 M p Mr    
  r   p  
(LRFD A-F1-3) 
Where:
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = b/t
λp = 0 .3 8 E F y
λr = 0 .8 3 E F L
69
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λr
    p 
M n  M

p 
 M p Mr    
  r   p   (LRFD A-
F1-3)
Where:
M r = Re Fy S z
Re = 1.0 for non-hybrid girder
70
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
λ = h/tw
λp 3=.76 E F y
λr =5.7 E F y
71
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
C b  1.7 5  1.0 5  M 1 M 2   0 .3  M 1 M 2   2 .3
2
M1  M2
If M max b etw een M 1 and M 2 , C b  1.0
LRFD
1 2 .5 M m ax
Cb 
2 .5 M max 3M A 4 M B 3M C
M A  ab so lute value of m o m ent at q uarter p o int
M B  ab so lute value of m o m ent at centerline
M C  ab so lute value of m o m ent at three  q uarter p o int
72
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
-12.00
Pin
Z X
-12.00
Roller
73
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
• Pin at the start of the member
• Roller at the end of the member
• Cross-section is W12x65
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes
74
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 Cb = 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 Cb = 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
75
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
76
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w  380 Fy
fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)
LRFD h / t w  2 .45 E / F yw
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-

1)
Where ϕv = 0.9
77
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w  380 Fy
fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)
LRFD h / t w  4 1 7 .2 / F yw
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where ϕv = 0.9
78
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w  380 Fy
Fy
fv = FY/Ay ≤ Fv 
2 .8 9
Cv  0 .4 F y (ASD F4-2)
LRFD 2 .4 5 E / F yw  h / t w  3.0 7 E / F yw
 2 .4 5 E / F yw 
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv 0 .6 F yw A w  
(LRFD F2-2)
 h / tw 
 
Where ϕv = 0.9
79
Design for Shear
LRFD 3.0 7 E / F yw  h / t w  26 0
 4 .52 E 
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕAv w   (LRFD F2-
3)  h / t w 2 
Where ϕv = 0.9
80
-15.00 Design for Shear
o
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT
81
Design for Shear
• Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural
member with compact section
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
82
Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “F4-1 Y”)
LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “A-F2-1 Y”)
83
Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948
84
Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) × ASD
1 44 .2 89 0 .4 1.0
L R F D R atio co mp uted fro m A S D  0 .8     0 .94 8
90 .2 4 1 0 .6 0 .9

85
Design for Shear
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
86
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa > 0.15
fa C m y f by C m z f bz
   1.0 (ASD H1-1)
Fa  fa   fa 
1   F by 1  
 F ey   F ez 

fa f by f
  bz  1.0 (ASD H1-2)
0 .6 F y F by F bz
LRFD Pu /ϕPn ≥ 0.2
Pu 8  M uy M uz  (LRFD H1-
1a)      1.0
Pn 9  b M ny b M nz 
87
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa ≤ 0.15
fa f by f bz
   1.0 (ASD H1-1)
F a F by F bz
LRFD Pu /ϕPn < 0.2
Pu  M uy M uz 
     1.0 (LRFD H1-
1a) 2 Pn  b M n y b M nz 
88
Combined Forces
Z X
89
Combined Forces
• 3D Simple Frame
• 3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
• 2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
• 2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
• Loadings
• Self weight of the Steel
• Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
• Other dead loads 15.0 psf
• Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
• Live load on roof 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf
90
Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
91
Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
ASD
WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
LRFD
93
Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
94
Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
96
Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
97
Design same example based on
Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0
ASD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips
LRFD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
98
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×5
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips
Difference = 3.041 kips
99
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×10
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips
Difference = 1.971 kips
100
Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
• Stiffness Analysis – Load Combinations or Form
Loads can be used.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Form Loads must be used.
Load Combinations are not valid.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify type of Nonlinearity.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Maximum Number of
Cycles.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Convergence
Tolerance.
101
Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
• NONLINEAR EFFECT
• TENSION ONLY
• COMPRESSION ONLY
• GEOMETRY AXIAL
• MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
• CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE
• NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
102
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 1
1. Geometry, Material Type, Properties,
2. Loading ‘SW’, ‘LL’, and ‘WL’
3. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
4. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
5. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
6. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
7. DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
8. PARAMETERS
9. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
10. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’ $ Activate only the FORM loads
11. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
12. SAVE
103
Input File # 2
1. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
12. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
13. CHECK MEMBERS
14. STEEL TAKE OFF
15. SAVE
104
Input File # 3
1. RESTORE
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
105
Input File # 3 (continue)
1. NONLINEAR EFFECT
2. GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
4. CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
7. CHECK MEMBERS
8. STEEL TAKE OFF
9. SAVE
106
General Comparison between AISC
LRFD and ASD
Questions
107

Comparison Between AISC LRFD and ASD

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Comparison Between AISC LRFD and ASD

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General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD

• ASD = Allowable Stress Design

• LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

• 1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

• PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

• LRFD = actual forces and moments

Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ae Fu ϕt = 0.75 for Net Area

Gross Area Ft = 0.6Fy

LRFD (LRFD Section D1)

Gross Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fy Ag ϕt = 0.9

0.6Fy (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

0.5Fu (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)

ASD × (1.5) = LRFD

W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

b/t = h/t0w.5 6= E / F y 1.4 9 E / F y

b/t = 9 5.3 6 / Fy h/tw =2 5 3.7 4 / Fy

LRFD c Q  1.5 (LRFD A-E3-

LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa × 1.681

λc = Maximum of ( λcy , λcz , λe )

W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

LRFD W10x54 Ratio = 0.944

Assume E = 29000 ksi

LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)

Braced at 1/3 Points

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982

LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

LRFDW18x40 Ratio = 0.982

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

For any value of l/rT

1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Braced at 1/3 Points

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.948

LRFD Pu /ϕPn ≥ 0.2

LRFD Pu /ϕPn < 0.2

WEIGHT = 46.566 kips

WEIGHT = 33.874 kips

WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips

Difference = 3.041 kips

ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips

Difference = 1.971 kips

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