l10 - Climate Change and Agrometerology

SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution
Coimbatore – 35
Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NACC – UGC with ‘A+ Grade
Approved by AICTE , New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University , Chennai.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING
19AG101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING
(2020-21 BATCH)I – YEAR II SEMESTER
UNIT II. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING
TOPIC – L10 – CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY
CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

/DR.M.SINGARAVELU, DEAN AGRI/SNSCT
05/20/2022 1
CLIMATE CHANGE
KEY FACTS OF IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE)FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT :
 Climate change impacts are projected to raise global average surface temperature 2.6–4.8 oC by 2100.
 Climate related impacts are already reducing crop yields in some parts of the world, a trend that is
projected to continue as temperatures rise further.
 Major impacts are projected on water availability and supply, food security, and agricultural incomes,
including shifts in production areas of food and non-food crops.
 Combined with increasing food demand, global temperature increases of 4 oC or more would pose
large risks to food security globally and regionally.
 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture comprised about 10–12% of man‐made GHG
emissions in 2010.
05/20/2022
2
KEY FACTS OF IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE)FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
:
 If temperatures increase by 3oC or more, agricultural adaptive capacity is projected to be exceeded in regions
closest to the equator.
 The agricultural sector has significant potential to make cuts in GHG emissions.
 Farmers can adapt to some changes, but there is a limit to what can be managed.
 Climate change is projected to:
o Increase price volatility for agricultural commodities
o Reduce food quality
 Overall, climate change is projected to cause food production to fall, with lower yields from major crops.
 These projected impacts will occur in the context of simultaneously rising crop demand.
 The agricultural industry’s own interests are best served by ambitious approaches to adaptation and to cutting
emissions.

05/20/2022 3
NATIONAL MISSION FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
• Government of India has prepared National Action Plan for Climate Change(NAPCC) which includes eight missions
and one of which is National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture.
NAPCC INCLUDES
• Strengthening existing agricultural and weather insurance mechanisms.
• Development and validation of weather derivative models by insurance providers. Ensure access to archival and
current weather data for this purpose.
• Creation of web-enabled, regional language based services for facilitation of weather based insurance.
• Development of regional database of soil, weather, genotypes, land-use patterns and water resources.
• Model codes on “Droughts, Floods and Good Weather” be prepared bringing out short term and long term mitigation
measures, such as ensuring availability of quality seeds, planning for crops/varieties resistant to heat, floods, etc.
05/20/2022 4
NATIONAL MISSION FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
• Weather insurance products will be developed for managing risks. The compensation is expected to be
more realistic and prompt to meet the needs of farmers.
• Empowering extension workers farmers, researchers, decision makers to understand the impact of
climatic changes and provide timely forecast of weather agriculture situations well in advance.
• The strategies and programme of actions (POA) outlined in the Mission Document, that was accorded ‘in
principle’ approval by Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change (PMCCC) on 23.09.2010, aim at
promoting sustainable agriculture through a series of adaptation measures focusing on ten key
dimensions encompassing Indian agriculture namely; ‘Improved crop seeds, livestock and fish cultures’,
‘Water Use Efficiency’, ‘Pest Management’, ‘Improved Farm Practices’, ‘Nutrient Management’,
‘Agricultural insurance’, ‘Credit support’, ‘Markets’, ‘Access to Information’ and ‘Livelihood

05/20/2022 5
diversification’. /DR.M.SINGARAVELU, DEAN AGRI/SNSCT
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE(CSA)
• What CSA means:
• It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals
• It integrates – social, economical and environmental development to meet the challenge of providing sustainable (a)
livelihood to farmers (b) food security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty.
It is composed of four pillars:
• Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income
• Adapting and building resilience to climate change
• Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible
• Uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG – CO 2 by laying emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO 2
and release Oxygen through photosynthesis process.
•

05/20/2022 6
• It prepares farmers to develop agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on

climate change. As on regular basis as a permanent feature and not as adhoc or temporary
solution.
• The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists, Extension teams
and agricultural organizations both Public and Private, and of course Public leadership is
to make this happen.
• It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the technical policy and
investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in overall development strategy.

05/20/2022 7
Climate smart agriculture involves :
• Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual piece of land to
support crops which can be sustained by its soil.
• Weather advisory – local not national or state level , long term- medium term – short term
inputs to take precautionary action directly to farmer.
• Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have occurred for timely
corrective action to prevent crop loss.
• Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.
• All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep.
• And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more productive, less costly
and linked with value added market mechanism.
05/20/2022 8
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE – THREE TYPES
A concurrent impact which is taking place over At local level action plan is needed to provide by taking stock of
the decades. This has already affected what has happened to soil and its productivity and same about
productivity and reduction in water resources, livestock due to changes in weather – increase in temperature etc
while cost of energy is growing higher
Unexpected change in weather pattern during A contingency plan to modify cropping pattern. This has to be part
monsoon season like delayed rain, long intervals of local level (Taluka Level) action plan and Comprehensive District
for rain or heavy rain – flood has already Agriculture Plan (CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri.
affecting Horticulture crops. Universities but need to be made available to farmers.
Major calamity like floods, cyclone/tornado , Need restoration strategy because such disasters some time wipe
cloud burst etc out entire soil strata and sweet water sources including livestock
and shelter

05/20/2022 9
In the arena of climate change focus of Agriculture Administration should be on:

• Water Cycle
• Soil and Moisture Management
• Live stock Management
• Energy saving in farming
• Value chain for Agro produce – enhancing value
• Multiple source of Income to farmers
• Bridging gaps in productivity.
With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and Sarpanches of villages.
A sarpanch is the head of a panchayat. A panchayat is comparable to the "local government
council" of a village or a rural community of about 1,000 people or more. ... Sarpanches are elected
directly within their respective panchayat.

05/20/2022 10
WEATHER FORECASTING
• Can be effectively used in crop planning and its management.
• A comprehensive weather based farm advisory is an interpretation of how the weather parameters, in future and
present will affect crops, livestock and farm operations and, suggests actions to be taken.
• The Advisory Services will be more effective if they are given in simple and local language that farmers can understand
it.
• In order to make the Agro-Met Advisory Services more successful and continuous process, it is to be supported with:
– agro meteorological database,
– crop conditions,
– real time weather, research results on crop-weather relationships, and
– skilled manpower in multi- disciplinary resources and users interface.
• Weather forecasts are of four types, viz., now casting (4 to 5hrs), short range forecast (valid for 48 hours), medium
range (valid for 5 days to a week) and long-range or seasonal forecast (valid for month to season).

05/20/2022 11
INDIAN SCENARIO ON CLIMATE CHANGE
• No significant change in monsoon rainfall at All India level, some regional variations are noticed
• Increase in rainfall in west coast, north AP and NW India, decreasing trend in east M.P. and adjoining
areas
• Increase in surface air temperature by 0.510 C during 1901-2007, accelerated warming during 1971-
2009
• Mean temperature rise by 0.20 C per decade during 1971-2009, greater rise in minimum temperature
than maximum
• One day extreme rainfall events are increasing
• Cyclonic storms in Bay of Bengal showed declining trend of 2 cyclones/decade during 1891-2008
• Deglaciation in the Himalayas
• Sea level rise in Indian Ocean 1.63 mm/year during 1993-2009
05/20/2022 12
INDIAN SCENARIO ON CLIMATE CHANGE- FUTURE PREDICTION
• Change in rainfall pattern by the end of the 21st century

• Increase in temperature by 2 to 4 0C
• Warming will be more pronounced over most of the land areas
• Maximum increase over northern India
• Relatively greater warming in winter and post monsoon seasons
• Frequency of cyclones during post monsoon seasons (2071 to 2100) is projected to much higher
than baseline scenario (1961-1990)

05/20/2022 13
ROLE OF WEATHER FORECASTING IN
AGRICULTURE
It helps to know the farming systems & their potential. It is important to
• Be culturally sensitive & Win trust of farmers
• Develop alternatives / options / choices
• Demonstrate how climate / weather info helps make good decisions
• Use seasonal calendar to identify farm activities
• Use matrix to identify critical decisions and relevant climate parameters
• Hands‐on learning – role plays to illustrate long‐term rainfall
• Advisories based on weather/climate & cropping information.
• Climate predictions and meteorological forecasts with added value for agriculture.
• Monitoring and early warning services connected to climate.
• Products of agro climatologically characterization;
• Development & validation of adaptation strategies

05/20/2022 14
DISSEMINATION OF AGRO METEOROLOGY ADVISORY
• SMS / IVRS to relatively much larger number of farmers.

• Modernize Agrimet website to make interactive
• Multi-platform backend: Web based and frontend.
• Multi Linkages among Agri Experts, Knowledge Institutions, Services Providers, etc.
• ICT based agricultural information dissemination models.
• Media Lab Asia : An Interactive Information Dissemination System (IIDS)
• Agrimet Domain linked to websites of other Ministries viz: Rural, Panchayati Raj etc.

05/20/2022 15
OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION
Operational TOend-users
communication to END USERS (FARMERS)
(farmers)
State Met Centres
Agromet Advisory Bulletin

by AMFUs
State Agril. Dept.

SMS on
mobile Personal
Postal Contact Contact
Farmer KVK
Television
Radio CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

News Papers
05/20/2022 16
SURVEY OUTCOME OF MAHINDRA AGRI BUSINESS
• Mahindra Agri business implemented a partnership project on Agro-met advisory in five district
of Maharashtra. Basically their analysis is on use of advisory by farmers. Their conclusions are:
• SMS service module is working effectively in delivering SMS to customer base. 90% of the
customers receive weather advisory through SMS.
• Farmers are receiving SMS advisory. Most of the farmers are receiving advisory SMS twice a week.
• 47% farmers requires customized communication 53% find the messages to be relevant to the
crops grown.
• In answer to “weather communication is useful?” - more than 85% farmers find the message to be
useful for them and only 3% feel that the message is totally out of context for them while rest felt
that climatic condition are not specified. It is a very generic message and message is incomplete.
05/20/2022
17
NCCSD’S APPROACH
• The top-down approach starts from global climate information and moves down to national & state levels for local
projections and its impact analysis.
• The bottom-up approach, on the other hand, considers the present as the point of reference and focuses on social and
economic areas of vulnerability or potential impact as a basis for considering future vulnerability at local level.
• The NCCSD approach is mix above both. First based on available data experts identify local impact and solutions. This is
followed by farmer’s interaction with experts. In this, first experts present overall picture and advise what is to be done.
• This is followed by listening to farmers to understand:
– What do they know about the climate change?
– What measures they are taking based on their own knowledge?
– What they have understood from extension network and followed?
– What are their needs – problems?

05/20/2022 18
NCCSD’S CASE STUDY AT STATE LEVEL
Objective:
• To bring awareness among the farmers regarding the issues of Climate Smart Agriculture
• To develop understanding regarding how this issue arises and what are the effect of climate change in agriculture and
livestock
• To impart knowledge on recommended improved, agricultural practices varities and contingent plan which are more
suitable and appropriate in climate change situation.
Methodology:
• to collect data from two broad categories of farmers i.e. trained and not trained.
• compared to their level of image, knowledge and modern farm technology adopted.
• comprehensive picture of the image & impact of capacity building training programme for the farmers.
• three selected districts (Anand, Navsari & Kutch). 12 taluka and 20 villages were selected. From 20 villages 200 trained
and 200 untrained farmers were selected.
• data collection by using an interview schedule . Use of valid scales designed by earlier research. The data collected
from the farmer respondents were tabulated.
• data analysis and described in terms of percentages. The statistical method employed for analysing the data were
average percentage ‘+’ test, X2 test.

05/20/2022 19
STRATEGY AND CONCLUSION- FARMERS’
NEEDS
Farmers needs
• Crop specific advisory: Farmers further demand crop specific SMS. Management of crop specific data is a
challenge due to change in cropping patterns.
• Mobile compatibility: Decoding SMS in a regional language is an issue with few farmers
• Feedback mechanism: There is no close loop in the information advisory. Contact mechanism has to be
designed
• On demand advisory: Farmers look for a on-demand advisory through ICT route. Follow up for an SMS
received by them
In addition to these it is important to consider

• Estimation of Soil moisture based on Satellite data:
• Remote Sensing and GIS in AAS
• Engage farmers in developing advisories

05/20/2022 20
TRAININGS TO BE ORGANIZED
• Training should be organized on:

• Climatologically Analyses particularly of rainfall and temperature
• Weather forecasting and services specific to agriculture
• Micro-meteorology
• Crop water use and irrigation management
• Crop simulation modelling
• Role of Meteorology in Crop protection, including pests and diseases modelling
• Weather, Climate and Livestock, poultry and fish production
• Climate Change and Agriculture
• Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing in Agro meteorology.
05/20/2022 21
USERS REQUIREMENTS
• User requirement
 types of economic decision can be categorized according to three time scales:
• Long-term planning for agricultural development (rational allocation of land, choice of crops,
selection of species and varieties).
• Medium-term planning for the next season (choice of farming area, crop varieties, etc.);
• Short-term decisions regarding imminent farming operations (choice of optimal sowing and
harvest dates, dates and quantities for fertilization, dates and quantities for irrigation, etc.).

05/20/2022 22
SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
• SERVICE REQUIREMENT
• To establish the worthiness of the service: Economic impact has to be carried out in order to
know its potential benefits.
• Service credibility: Credibility is always closely linked to forecast verification. Hence economic
impact studies need to be carried out to derive optimum benefits from the marketing of the
service.
• Service accountability or justification: Assessment of the service helps justifying the costs and
the on-going need and existence of such a service.

05/20/2022 23
REFERENCE
REPORT OF NCCSD (NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AND PUBLIC LEADERSHIP)
Dr. Kirit Shelat
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development
and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009.
Gujarat, INDIA.
Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)
Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org

05/20/2022
24
TEXT BOOKS
1. Michael, A.M. & Ojha, T.P. “Principles of Agricultural Engineering Vol. I & II”,
Seventh Edition, Jain Brothers, New Delhi, 2011. (Unit I,II,III,IV,V)
2. Jagdishwar Sahay. “Elements of Agricultural Engineering”, Standard

Publishers and
Distributors, 2010. (Unit III,IV,V)
3.
4.

05/20/2022 25 16
REFERENCES
1. Harry L. Field, John B. Solie, Introduction to Agricultural Engineering Technology

– A problem solving approach, Springer Science, NY, USA, 2007. (Unit III,IV,V)
2.
3.
4.

05/20/2022 26
QUIZ
1.

05/20/2022 27
ANSWERS

05/20/2022 14 28
YOU TUBE LINK
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/103/115103123/
PHYSICS OF PROPAGATION OF SOLAR RADIATION FROM THE SUN TO EARTH
OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/105/112105050/
SUN PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND REACTIONS
SUN EARTH GEOMTRY
RADIATION MEASUREMENT
HEAT CAPACITY EFFECTS
SOLAR FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

05/20/2022 15
REFERENCES
1.H. P. Garg, Treatise on Solar Energy, Vol.1 : Fundamentals of solar energy, John
Wiley & sons Ltd, 1982.
2.A.John. Duffie and William A Beckmann, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes,
4th Edition ISBN: 978-0-470-87366-3, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013.
3.G.D.Rai, Solar energy Utilisation, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2014.

05/20/2022 30 16
THANK YOU

05/20/2022 31

l10 - Climate Change and Agrometerology

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SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

19AG101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

(2020-21 BATCH)I – YEAR II SEMESTER

UNIT II. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

TOPIC – L10 – CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

KEY FACTS OF IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE)FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT :

projected to continue as temperatures rise further.

including shifts in production areas of food and non-food crops.

large risks to food security globally and regionally.

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

and one of which is National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture.

• Strengthening existing agricultural and weather insurance mechanisms.

current weather data for this purpose.

more realistic and prompt to meet the needs of farmers.

‘Agricultural insurance’, ‘Credit support’, ‘Markets’, ‘Access to Information’ and ‘Livelihood

• What CSA means:

• It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals

It is composed of four pillars:

• Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income

• Adapting and building resilience to climate change

• Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible

and release Oxygen through photosynthesis process.

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

• It prepares farmers to develop agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

Climate smart agriculture involves :

• Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.

• All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep.

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

In the arena of climate change focus of Agriculture Administration should be on:

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

• Change in rainfall pattern by the end of the 21st century

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

It helps to know the farming systems & their potential. It is important to

• Be culturally sensitive & Win trust of farmers

• Develop alternatives / options / choices

• Demonstrate how climate / weather info helps make good decisions

• Use seasonal calendar to identify farm activities

• Use matrix to identify critical decisions and relevant climate parameters

• Hands‐on learning – role plays to illustrate long‐term rainfall

• Advisories based on weather/climate & cropping information.

• Monitoring and early warning services connected to climate.

• Products of agro climatologically characterization;

• Development & validation of adaptation strategies

• SMS / IVRS to relatively much larger number of farmers.

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

State Met Centres

Agromet Advisory Bulletin

State Agril. Dept.

Radio CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

customers receive weather advisory through SMS.

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

In addition to these it is important to consider

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

• Training should be organized on:

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGROMETEOROLOGY/19AGT101 – PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

REPORT OF NCCSD (NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT