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ANCHAL GUPTA(9005)
DEEKSHA SOOD(9009)
NEHA RANA (9027)
SHRUTI SIDHU (9037)
 JAPANESE GARDEN

The art of Japanese gardens have been believed

to be one of the most important parts of
Japanese culture for many centuries. The garden
design in Japan is strongly connected to the
philosophy and religion of the country. Shinto,
Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation
of different garden styles in order to bring a
spiritual sense to the gardens and make them
places where people could spend their time in a
peaceful way and meditate.
HISTORY OF JAPANESE GARDEN

    The history of the Japanese gardens

goes back to around the 7th century. The
first Japanese gardens, that expressed
Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism visions can
be traced back to the Asuka Period. They
were designed to capture the landscape
in its natural form. From this period the
basic rules of designing gardens was
established.
 ASUKA PERIOD(538-794A.D)

•Tracing back the history of the

development of Japanese gardens we find
the roots of the concept took birth during
the time known as the Asuka period in
Japanese garden.
•The influence of the Buddhist dharma was
in full swing during these years. Garden
works attempted to imitate famous
mountains and other natural elements.
KAMAKURA PERIOD(1186-1399A.D)

• A great many gardens were created during this

time period due to improved garden techniques
and the development of Syoinzukuri style
(Japanese Lifestyle).
• Dry landscape style also emerged during this time.
• A notable gardener who appeared during these
periods is Soseki Muso: He made Saihoji Temple
(Kyoto), Tenruji Temple (Kyoto), and Zuizenji
Temple (Kamakura) gardens. (Japanese Lifestyle)
• The dry landscape style, the technique by which
water currency was expressed by stone
arrangement without using water from ponds or
creeks, had also spread in this period.
ASHIKAGA PERIOD(1400-1600A.D)

• Since the Muromachi Period, the

Japanese tea ceremony has
flourished. Sen no Rikyu established
the style of tea house, and they
usually had a roji or “dewy path”
leading to them.
• Examples of this style include Taian
Roji (Oyamazaki, Otokuni, Kyoto) and
Kankyuan Roji (Kyoto).
 TEA CEREMONY
• The tea ceremony - a ritual based on the
preparation and presentation of a powdered
green tea (Matcha) which can be conducted
indoors or outside.

• Zen monks promoted the tea ceremony to

such an extent that the ritual was sewn into
the cultural fabric of Japan, and has
remained intricately fundamental to
Japanese  culture ever since.
• The tea ceremony’s most significant impact
on Japanese garden design came between
1568 and 1600 (known as the Azuchi-
Momoyama period) in which tea ceremony
pavilions began to feature prominently as
popular garden characteristics; lanterns,
stepping stones and arched bridges were
increasingly fashionable in these new
gardens, which today are considered the
iconic objects of Japanese gardens
 EDO PERIOD(1615-1867)
•   Further development occurred between 1615 and 1867 (the
Edo period) when the ‘Stroll’ garden was established
• The Stroll gardens, usually built on an aristocrat’s estate, were
much more personal environments; designers would reconstruct
landscapes taken from the owner’s personal experiences, or
even recreate some of the most iconic places of the world.
• Stroll Garden, Sento Gosho Palace.
 MEIJI ERA(1876-
1912A.D)

• In the Meiji period following the modernization of

Japan
• Famous traditional gardens were owned by
businessmen and politicians.
• Some of these extensive gardens are open to public
viewing in Murinan (Kyoto) and Chinzanso (Tokyo)
(Japanese Lifestyle)
 HEIAN PERIOD(794-1185A.D)

• A unique style of Japanese gardening evolved during

the Heian Period known as Shinden-zukuri. Such a
garden was positioned in front of the palace with an
artificial water passage leading water into a pond.
The pond would have islands in it.
• The Buddhist concept of pure land style was at its
zenith during this era. The idea behind creating
gardens that depicted the harmony in creation using
only natural materials was to create a paradise on
earth type environment.
• Heian Period is also know as the time when the first
book about garden-making technique was written.
 BASIC RULES IN THE DESIGN OF
JAPANESE GARDEN
• Natural: That should make the garden look as if it grew by
itself
• Asymmetry: That creates the impression of it being natural
• Odd numbers: Like three, five or seven; that support the
effect of the asymmetry
• Simplicity: That follows the idea of 'less is more'
• Triangle: That is the most common shape for compositions
made of stones, plants, etc.
• Contrast: That creates tension between elements
• Lines: That can create both tranquility and tension
• Curves: That softens the effect
• Openness: That indicates interaction between all elements
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE
GARDEN

• Pathways
• A group of rocks
• Stepping stones
• Waterfalls
• Streams
• Islands and Bridges
• Stone lanterns
• Water basins
• Borrowed scenery
 STONE, GRAVEL AND SAND
• Large stones symbolize
mountains and hills, set
decorative accents and
serve as building material
for bridges and pathways.
• Smaller rocks and gravel
are used to line ponds
and streams.
• Dry gardens are
comprised entirely of
stones, with larger stones
symbolizing mountains,
islands and waterfalls,
while gravel and sand
replace water.
 PONDS, STREAMS AND WATERFALLS
• Ponds are a central element of
most gardens.
• They often represent real or
mystical lakes of seas.
• Sometimes they provide a habitat
for carps (koi) which introduce
additional colour and life to the
garden.
 ISLANDS AND BRIDGES
• Islands are another long standing component of Japanese gardens,
and range in size from single stone outcroppings to large islands big
enough to support buildings. They often represent real islands or have
religious symbolism, such as those built to resemble turtles and
cranes, symbols of longevity and health, or Horai, a sacred mystical
mountain in Taoism.
• Bridges are another common feature that is used to connect islands
and cross streams or ponds. They are built of stone or wood, and
range in complexity from a simple slab of uncut rock laid across a
stream to elaborate, covered wooden structures that span more than
ten meters.
 VEGETATION
• Trees, shrubs, lawns and flowers of all kinds are used in Japanese gardens.
Plants, such as maple and cherry trees, are often chosen for their seasonal
appeal and are expertly placed to emphasize these characteristics.
Conversely, pine trees, bamboo and plum trees are held in particular
esteem for their beauty during the winter months when other plants go
dormant.
• In Chinese and Japanese thought, the pine—a tree often twisted and bent
by the elements during a long life—was a particular metaphor for the
aged individual who has stood the tests of time and fate, an interpretation
expressed in many paintings. It is not surprising, therefore, to see
Japanese gardeners carefully training and pruning evergreens to conform
to this image of the ancient and noble tree. The pine was also considered
one of the "Three Friends of Winter," the other two being the bamboo
and the flowering plum. The reasoning behind this association was that
the pine and bamboo sustain their foliage through the winter and the
plum blooms when there is still snow on the ground.

• Plants are carefully arranged around the gardens to imitate nature, and
great efforts are taken to maintain their beauty.
 HILLS
• Larger gardens, especially the strolling gardens of the
Edo Period, make use of large man made hills. The hills
may represent real or mythical mountains, and some can
be ascended and have a viewpoint from where visitors
are treated to a panoramic view out over the garden.
 LANTERNS
• Lanterns come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have been a
common element of Japanese garden design throughout history.
They are usually made of stone and placed in carefully selected
locations, such as on islands, at the ends of peninsulas or next to
significant buildings, where they provide both light and a
pleasing aesthetic. Lanterns are often paired with water basins,
which together make up a basic component of tea gardens.
 WATER BASINS
• Many gardens contain stone water basins (tsukubai), which are
used for ritual cleansing, especially ahead of tea ceremonies. The
basins vary from simple depressions in uncut stone to elaborate
carved stone creations, and are usually provided with a bamboo
dipper for scooping up water. These days they often appear as a
decorative addition more than for a practical purpose. Water
basins are an essential element of tea gardens and are often paired
with lanterns.
 PATHS
• Paths became an integral part of Japanese gardens with the
introduction of strolling and tea gardens. Strolling gardens feature
circular paths constructed of stepping stones, crushed gravel, sand or
packed earth, which are carefully prescribed to lead visitors to the
best - albeit controlled - views of the garden. Winding paths also
serve to segregate different areas, such as an isolated grove or hidden
pond, from each other so that they may be contemplated individually.
 BUILDINGS
• Many types of gardens were built to be viewed from inside
a building, such as palace, villa or temple. In contrast,
gardens meant to be entered and enjoyed from within, use
buildings as a part of the garden's composition, including
pavilions, tea houses and guest houses.
 BORROWED SCENERY
• Borrowed scenery (shakkei) is the concept of integrating the
background landscape outside the garden into the design of
the garden. Both, natural objects such as mountains and
hills and man made structures such as castles, can be used
as borrowed scenery. In modern times, skyscrapers have
become a (usually) unintentional borrowed scenery for
some gardens in the cities.
DIFFERENT STYLES OF JAPANESE
GARDENS
• Hill and Pond Style Gardens that originated from China. This style
is known as Tsukiyama-niwa or Tsukiyama-Sansui meaning hills
and water. This type of garden needs lots of space since this style
depicts mountain scenery. The hill garden is made of one or more
hills designed with earthen mounds and exposed weathered
stones. The other feature of this garden is in the form of stream
and pond or waterfalls or all the three with or without islands and
also bridges, lantern stones , trees etc. the important points of this
garden is decorated with stones and selected trees.
• Flat gardens are laid out in a flat ground without hills or
ponds . Flat gardens are supposed to represent a
mountain valley. The usual features to break the
monotony of a flat garden are a well, a water basin made
of stone in the shape of an urn, stone lying close to the
ground, stepping stones and trees.
• Dry Landscape Style Gardens
are very simple and modern-
looking, usually placed in a very
small area. They reproduce
natural landscapes in a more
abstract way by using stones,
gravel and sand onto
mountains, islands and rivers.
They refer to the Zen philosophy
and usually try to evoke a
deeper meaning.
• Passage garden are those which
are laid in narrow passages for
example a narrow space
between two houses or
approaches of buildings. The
garden is having a simple
design. The main features of the
passage garden are : a few
rocks, slabs of stones, a few
plants and shrubs.
• Tea Style Garden has a very intimate atmosphere and are
meant to provide a relaxation from a person's busy lifestyle.
They are designed for the tea ceremony and need a space of at
least 200 sq. m. for its designing. They contain a tea house
where the ceremony is held and a stone basin where guests
can purify themselves before participating in it.
The garden is enclosed by a fence, a fence that is rustic
in nature, with a gate made of material like bamboo. The
garden is divided into the inner garden and the outer garden,
to protect the tea house from noise. The outer garden is
comparatively a narrow area with a waiting place. A stone
pathway leads to the inner garden, also separated by a fence.
The inner garden contains the tea house.
The outer garden has simple planting and stone
groupings. The outer garden is exposed to sunlight and
predominantly deciduous trees. The inner garden has
evergreen trees.
The entrance of the tea house is a low door so that
the guest have to enter in a bending posture, stimulating
respect and humility.
EXAMPLES
 RYONJI GARDEN IN KYOTO
• The most famous sand garden.
• It consists of a rectangular area of 350 sq. m. adjoining a Zen Buddhist
temple.
• The main feature is a few vertical and prostrate stones in groups of 2 or
3 and to fill the gap with fine white gravel.
• The gravel is raked with simple patterns stimulating the ripples of water.
• The raking has to be concentric circles representing water body, since it
is made from medium sized gravel it cannot be altered with wind or rain.
 CENTRAL PARK NEW YORK
• IN 1858 F.L. Olmsted and his partner
Calvert won the competition for
landscape design of this park. The
total area is 843 acres. This entry was
selected on the argument that it had
enjoyable visually attractive layout
and it was the water features
especially the large new reservoir
which played a major role.
• Public parks such as those led out by
Olmsted increasingly became the
primary outlet of major landscaping,
both in U.S. and Europe.
• The main features: it was laid out as
natural landscape, it was an attempt
to screen out the anticipated
buildings, circulation systems were
included, roads were provided for
cross town traffic.