R.C.C. CONSTRUCTION.

FRAME STRUCTURE.
 R.C.C. CONSTRUCTION.
• The strength of concrete
• Concrete has a high compressive strength, but a
significantly low tensile strength. 
• Infect, concrete's tensile strength is only about 10%
of its compressive strength (Tensile strength is the
ability to be pulled apart). 
The functional requirement of foundation are:
1.Strength
2.stability.
 Trees: 
Existing trees draw a considerable amount of moisture from the ground, this
is especially important in clay soils. The ground will actually rise and fall
(even without trees) in differing conditions and in a dry summer the trees
will continue to draw water from the ground, shrinking the clay further.
The ground can rise and/or fall up to 40mm around a tree between winter
and summer.
It is an accepted rule of thumb that, wherever possible, and
using strip foundations, that the structure is kept away from
the tree/s by at least as much as the height of the tree itself.
  
(4)
(1) (2)
(3)
Minimum width in mm for total load in kN/m offload bearing wall of
Field test applicable
Type of subsoil Condition of subsoil not more than

20kN/m  30kN/m  40kN/m  50kN/m  60kN/m  70kN/m

Not inferior to sandstone, Requires at least a pneumatic or other mechanically operated

Rock          In each case equal to width of wall
limestone or firm chalk. pick for excavation

Compact  Requires pick for excavation. Wooden peg, 50mm square hard
Gravel                      sand    250          300       400          500        600         650
Compact                         to drive in beyond 150mm.

Cannot be moulded with fingers, requires

Clay                       Sandy clay Stiff                          Stiff   250          300       400          500        600         650
pick/pneumatic/mechanical spade for removal.

TABLE 12 Minimum
Clay                        Sandy Can be moulded by substantial pressure with the fingers and
Firm                        Firm   300           350       450          600       750         850
clay hand dug with graft or spade.

widths of strip
Sand                          Silt/
sand           Clay/sand
Loose                   
Loose                    Loose
Can be excavated with a spade. Wooden peg 50mm square
can be easily driven.
 400           600          Must be specified or designed.
foundations

Silt                           Soft                          
Clay                       Sandy Soft                          Fairly easily moulded in the fingers and readily excavated.  450          650          Must be specified or designed.
clay             Silt/clay Soft                          Soft

Silt                           Very soft                  Very

Natural sample, in winter conditions, exudes between fingers
Clay                       Sandy soft                 Very  600         850           Must be specified or designed.
when squeezed in fist.
clay             Silt/clay soft                      Very soft
Traditional footings.
FOUNDATIONS
Strip footing
Strip foundation.
Strip footing
Strip foundation.
Strip foundation.
Strip foundation.
Raft foundation.
 Raft foundation.

Solid slab Raft foundation.

Beam and slab Raft foundation.
Raft foundation.
Raft foundation.

Solid slab Raft foundation.

Raft foundation.
Raft foundation.

Beam and slab Raft foundation.

Down stand beams.
 Raft foundation.

Beam and slab Raft foundation.

Down stand beams.
Raft foundation.
Raft foundation.
Pad foundation.
Pad foundation.
Pad foundation.
Isolated footing
Isolated footing
typical details of isolated column footing
 Pad foundation.

Combined footing. Rectangular type.

Combined footing.

Combined footing. Rectangular type.

typical details of combined column
footing
Combined footing.
Pad foundation.

Combined footing. Cantilever type.

Pile foundation.
Pile foundation.
Pile types.
Pile foundation.
Pile caps.
Pre-cast Pile foundation.
ARCH DESIGN.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

FOUNDATION LAYOUT.
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

FOOTING SCHEDULE
Stirrups
Stirrups
Stirrups
TYPICAL COLUMN BINDING

DOUBLE STIRUUBS.
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• PLINTH BEAM.
SITE PREPERATION.
MARKING
EXCAVATION FOR FOOTING
EXCAVATION FOR FOOTING
GROUND CONSOLIDATING.
COLUMN MARKING
COLUMNS DETAIL.
FIXING THE COLUMN IN TO THE FOOTING.
FIXING THE COLUMN IN TO THE FOOTING.
FIXING THE COLUMN IN TO THE FOOTING
FIXING THE COLUMN IN TO THE FOOTING.
typical details of isolated column footing
typical details of isolated column footing
typical details of combined column
footing
PLINTH BEAM.
 COLUMN DETAILS

COLUMN COVER

Clear cover to main steel shall be

•50mm for footings,
•40mm for columns,
•20mm for slabs
•25mm for beams to the stirrups.
COLUMN LAPPING.

COLUMN LAPPING THUMB RULES:

•MIN. LAPPING SHOULD BE 47 TIMES THE DIA
OF BARS. (PREF.60D)
•1/6H BELOW THE SLAB & 1/6H ABOVE PLINTH.
COLUMN CONCRETING.
COLUMN AND BEAM.