Biostatistic

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About This
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We will tell you:
• Definition of Sensitivity
• Definition of Specificity
• Examples
Table Of Contents

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Sensitivity
(Se or Sn)
The sensitivity of a test is the
probability of a positive test
result given the presence of the
disease
Meaning of sensor altitude: Sensitivity = A / (A + C), the closer this value is to 100%,
the closer the value of C is to 0. This means the harder it is to "false negative", so a
Testing with a 100% sensor can give patients peace of mind if the test is negative. To
put it simply, a highly sensitive test is a "preferably missed" test. This method is need
to be need in the block of railing of plague. Immunofeedback (antigen - antibody)
rapid tests such as HIV, HBV, HCV, ... usually work on principle. For check test (quick
test), sensor is surrender, a sensitive rapid test kit is not 100% illuminated, even high
specificity of that kit is useless, Because this time use the kit will to get "the pathogen"
out into the society
Some Facts

For example The formula to calculate the

sensitivity is
Testing to identify a person
with a certain disease. The
Sensitivity = True positive/ (True positive + False positive)
sensor is also applied to a
system that automatically
detects defective products at a
server
Some facts
100% sensitivity is understood to mean that
All sick people or all defective products are
detected. Sensitivity alone does not tell us all
about the test because 100% sensitivity can be
obtained in a way. usually by assigning to all
cases a positive test result. Therefore, we need
to know more about the specificity of the test. A
highly sensitive test has a low type 2 error.
Type 2 error is: research results show no
relationship between factors, but in fact there is.
Some Images

Test sensitivity and specificity

Specificity (Sp)

The specificity of a test is the

probability of a negative test result
given absence of the disease.
We have the formula
For a test to determine who has a certain
disease, 100% specificity means that all
healthy people (without the disease) are
determined to be healthy.
Specificity=
remarks
Specificity alone does not tell us. know
A test with high specificity has a low type all about the test because 100%
1 error. Type 1 error is a type of error specificity can normally be obtained by
when the research results show that there
is a difference (as the hypothesis ascribing to all cases a negative test
suggests), but in fact there is no result. Therefore, we need to know more
difference.
about both of the sensitivity and the
specificity of the test.
Meaning of high specificity:
Specificity = D / (B+D), the
closer this value is to 100%,
the closer the value of B is to
0. This means that "false
positive" is more unlikely , so
that a test with 100%
specificity that . returns a
positive result can be said to be
"out of doubt".
A test with high specificity is
usually appropriate for patients
who already have signs.
clinical signs or suspicious
results during screening. This
is considered a doctors and nurses to offer
"reconfirmation" step before
giving a treatment regimen and
is extremely necessary for
diseases where the treatment
regimen is expensive or
harmful to health such as
cancer, ...
The "reconfirmation" test is
more specific, because the test
results will be decisive for the
treatment regimen. Inadequate
specificity will risk causing
unsuitable treatment regimens
for patients that are
economically costly but not
highly effective, and may even
miss treatment opportunities.
patient treatment.
 B+ B- ∑

Gold T+ a b a+b

Standards
T- c d c+d

∑ a+c=n1 b+d=n0 n=n0+n1

True Positive (TP/Se) True Negative (TN/Sp)

• Se = TP = p (T+ | B+) = • Sp = TN = p (T- | B-) =
• 95% CI cho Se là Se • 95% CI cho Sp là Sp

False Positive (FP) False Negative (FN)

FP = p( T+ | B-) = 1 – p (T- | B-) = 1 – Sp = 1 FN = p (T- | B+) = 1 - p (T+ | B+) = 1 – Se = 1

- TN -TP
 Rapid antigen tests show great promise for use in the school setting. However, the effectiveness
of these tests in nonclinical settings and among one of the primary target populations in schools -
asymptomatic children - is unclear. To address this gap, a research team conducted rapid antigen
Example RT-PCR (Curative Labs) (BinaxNOW™) and oral fluid tests on children present at a centralized
testing site in the County. Los Angeles from November 25, 2020 to December 9, 2020.

PCR+ PCR- ∑

T+ 127 9 136

T- 99 539 638

∑ 226 548 774

 Se = = 0.5619 Sp =

95% CI for Se is 0.5619 95% CI for Sp is

=[ 0.4972 ; 0, 6266 ] =[ 0,9730 ; 0,9942 ]

According to the manufacturer, BinaxNOW has a sensitivity of

Comment 97.1%, a specificity of 98.5% higher than the example above
EXAMPLE:
SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, the gold standard
for diagnostic testing, may not be readily
available or logistically applicable for
routine COVID-19 testing in many rural
communities in the United States. In this
validation study, we compared the
BinaxNOW™ COVID-19 Test Ag Card
with SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in 214
participants who sought COVID-19
testing from a local public health district
in Idaho, USA.
The median age of participants was 35 and 82.7% were symptomatic.
Thirty-seven participants (17.3%) had positive RT-PCR results.

17,3% PCR+ PCR-

T+ 120 7 127

82,7% T- 57 30 87

177 37 214

Symptomatic Positive RT-PCR

 PCR+ PCR-
SOLUTION T+ 120 7 127
30
Sp = = 0,81 T- 57 30 87
37
120 177 37 214
Se = = 0,677
117
0,677 x 0,323 Rapid antigen tests, such
95%CI for Se is 0.677  1,96 as the BinaxNOW™
177
COVID-19 Test Ag Card,
 [0,6081; 0,7458]. may be a more convenient
tool in quickly identifying
0,81 x0,19 and preventing COVID-19
95%CI for Sp is 0,81  1,96 transmission, especially in
37
rural settings. But it still
= [0,6835; 0,9364]. need to improver.
Trích: https://nhandan.vn/khoa-hoc/test-nhanh-khang-nguyen-sars-cov-2-do-viet-nam-san-xuat-co-do-nhay-do-dac-hieu-cao-657183/
Sources:
1. https://www.vinmec.com/vi/tin-tuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/suc-khoe-tong-quat/hieu-dung-ve-do-nhay-va-do-dac-hieu
/
2. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249710
3. https://vnexpress.net/tong-thong-my-dung-bo-xet-nghiem-5-usd-4175743.html
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855887/#:~:text=Results%20between%20the%20two%20tests,CI%3A%2097
.9%2D100.0%25
5. https://nhandan.vn/khoa-hoc/test-nhanh-khang-nguyen-sars-cov-2-do-viet-nam-san-xuat-co-do-nhay-do-dac-
hieu-cao-657183/
SPECIAL
THANKS
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