WATER POLLUTION AND ITS

MANAGEMENT - (18CEO405T)
P. Purushothaman
Associate Professor
Sampling Procedure
 Objective of sampling is to collect a portion of material
small enough in volume to be transported comfortably
and yet large enough for analytical purposes while still
representing the material being sampled.
 A clean pair of new, non-powdered, disposable gloves
will be worn each time a different location is sampled
and the gloves should be donned immediately prior to
sampling.
 The gloves should not come in contact with the media being
sampled and should be changed any time during sample
collection when their cleanliness is compromised.
Sampling procedure
 Sample containers for samples suspected of
containing high concentrations of contaminants shall
be stored separately.
 Sample collection activities shall proceed
progressively from the least suspected contaminated
area to the most suspected contaminated area.
 Samples of waste or highly contaminated media
must not be placed in the same ice chest as
environmental (i.e., containing low contaminant
levels) or background/control samples.
Sampling Procedure
 If possible, one member of the field sampling team
should take all the notes and photographs, fill out
tags, etc., while the other members collect the
samples.
 Field investigators must use new, verified certified-
clean disposable or non disposable equipment
cleaned according to their procedures
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 Types of Sampling:
 Dip or Grab sampling
 Composite sampling
 Integrated sampling
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 Dip or Grab sampling
 Water samples are usually obtained by filling a container
held beneath the surface of the water.
 A sample taken at a specific time and point which gives an
indication of the water quality at that point in time.
 A properly taken grab sample is a snap shot of the quality of
the water at the exact time and place the sample was taken.
 Depending on the water body, grab samples may be taken by
simply dipping a sample bottle in the water body, or they
may require the use of specific sampling devices.
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 The discrete grab sample is one that is taken at a selected
location, depth, and time and then analyzed for the
constituents of interest.
 A Depth-Integrated Grab Sample is collected over a
predetermined part or the entire depth of the water column,
at a selected location and time, in a given body of water,
and then analyzed for the constituents of interest.
 The primary advantage of grab samples is that sometimes
very little equipment is required for sample collection and
there is flexibility in sampling location selection. However,
this method sacrifices data resolution because of the smaller
number of samples that are usually collected
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 Composite sampling
 Are usually obtained by mixing equal volumes of discrete
grab samples (collected at one point at regular time
intervals).
 A composite sample provides an estimate of average water
quality conditions.
 Various sample intervals and subsample volumes can be
set.
 A composite sample is a mixture of grab samples taken at
different times or locations and pooled together to provide
one sample.
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 The advantage of composite sampling is that it gives an idea
of the average condition of a water body over time, (samples
taken at different times and mixed together) or space
(samples taken at different locations) within the water body.
 This is particularly useful in water bodies that have a lot of
chemical variability either over space or over short time
periods.
 Composite samples are often used to reduce the cost of
analyzing a large number of samples.
 This method also has its limitations:
 Individual sample information is lost and you lose the ability to
mathematically assess the variability.
Methods of Sampling and Storage
 Integrated sampling :
 It is carried out by collecting mixture of grab samples
collected from different points simultaneously.
 The points may be horizontal or vertical variation.
 Examples include river, stream or reservoir or lake that varies in
composition across the width and depth.
 In industries that have different streams and combined treatment
is proposed, than integrated sampling of different streams can
be made to understand the significant effect on treatment.
Sampling Techniques
 Sampling Containers and
Storage
Variable(s) to be analyzed Recommended
container
Organochlorinated pesticides and PCBs glass (amber) with
Organophosphorus Teflon-lined cap
Pentachlorophenol glass (amber) with
Phenolics Teflon-lined cap
Phenoxy acid herbicides
Aluminium, Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Polyethylene
Iron, Lead, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Strontium,
Vanadium, Zinc
Acidity, Alkalinity, Arsenic, Calcium, Chloride, Color, Fluoride, Hardness,
Magnesium, Non- filterable residue, pH, Potassium, Sodium, Specific conductance,
Sulphate, Turbidity
Carbon, total organic Nitrogen: ammonia
Nitrogen: nitrate, nitrite
Nitrogen: total
Silver Polyethylene
(Amber)
Mercury Glass
Phosphorus, total
Effects of water pollution
 Water-borne diseases account for the deaths of 3,575,000
people a year! That’s equivalent to a jumbo jet crashing
every hour, and the majority of these are children. 

 Infectious diseases can be spread  through contaminated

water.
 Some of these water-borne diseases are Typhoid, Cholera,
Paratyphoid Fever, Dysentery, Jaundice, Amoebiasis and
Malaria. 

 Chemicals in the water also have negative effects on our

health. 
Effects of water pollution
 Pesticides – can damage the nervous system and cause
cancer because of the carbonates and organophosphates that
they contain.
 Chlorides – can cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
 Lead – can accumulate in the body and damage the central
nervous system. 
 Arsenic – causes liver damage, skin cancer and vascular
diseases.
 Flourides – in excessive amounts can make your teeth
yellow and cause damage to the spinal cord.– even with
very low exposure, can cause cancer.
Eutrophication
 Eutrophication can happen naturally in the normal succession
of some freshwater ecosystems.
 However, when the nutrient enrichment is due to the activities
of humans, sometimes referred to as “cultural eutrophication”,
the rate of this natural process is greatly intensified.
 Two major nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), occur in
streams in various forms as ions or dissolved in solution.
 Aquatic plants convert dissolved inorganic forms of nitrogen
(nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium) and phosphorus
(orthophosphate) into organic or particulate forms for use in
higher trophic production.
Eutrophication- Trophic Status
Eutrophication- Trophic Status
 Eutrophication- Trophic Status

Source : http://quizlet.com/291485834/eutrohication-diagram/
Eutrophication- Trophic Status

 Eutrophication: is the name given to the

natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow
lake, estuary, or slow moving stream. It is
caused mostly by runoff of plant nutrients
such as nitrates and phosphates from
surrounding land.
 Cultural Eutrophication: Mainly due to
urbanisation, increase in human activities
results in increase in NUTRIENT input
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
 The main effects caused by eutrophication can be
summarized as follows:
 Species diversity decreases and the dominant
biota changes.
 Plant and animal biomass increase.
 Turbidity increases.
 Rate of sedimentation increases, shortening the
lifespan of the lake.
 Anoxic conditions may develop.
 Public awareness and participation in water
pollution

Source : http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/2011/Chp-19-Water-Pollution-in-India-An-Economic-Appraisal.pdf
Industries and Their Role in Water
Pollution
 The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both
flow and pollutional strength.
 So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents.
 In general, industrial wastewaters may contain
suspended, colloidal and dissolved (mineral and organic)
solids.
 In addition, they may be either excessively acid or
alkaline and may contain high or low concentrations of
colored matter.
 These wastes may contain inert, organic or toxic
materials and possibly pathogenic bacteria
Industries and Their Role in Water
Pollution
 Types of Industrial Effluents
 Battery manufacturing
 Distillery
 Dairy industry
 Electric power plants
 Food industry
 Iron and steel industry
 Mines and quarries
 Nuclear industry
 Organic chemicals manufacturing
 Pharmaceutical
 Petroleum refining and petrochemicals.
 Paper and pulp industries
 Tannery