SEQUENCE

STRATIGRAPGY
GROUP MEMEBERS:
LAIQUE ZADA
ABDUR RAZZAQ
SHOAIB ATA
GOHAR AYUB KHAN
SYED JUNAID SHAH
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY BASICS
• WHAT IS SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY?
• RELATIVE SEA LEVEL TECTONICS AND EUSTASY.
• ACCOMMODATION.
• SEA LEVEL CHANGES
1. TRANSGRESSION?
2. PROGRADATION?
3. RETROGRADATION.?
4. AGGREDATION?
5. REGRESSION?
• SYSTEM TRACTS
1. LOW STAND SYSTEM TRAC?TS?
2. HIGH STAND SYSTEM TRA?CTS?
3. FALLING SYSTEM TRACTS?
4. TRANGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACTS?
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY:
• “SUB DISISION OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN FIELDS INTO GENETIC PACKAGES BOUNDED BY UNCINFIRMITIES AND THEIR CORELATIVE
CONFIRMITIES”
SEA LEVEL:
• IT IS MEASURED BETWEEN THE SEA SURFACE AND THE LOCAL MOVING DATUM.
EUSTASY:
• IT IS MEASURED BETWEEN THE SEA SURFACE AND A FIXED DATUM USUALLY THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.
ACCOMMODATION:
• THE SPACE AVAILBLE FOR SEDIMENTS TO ACCUMULATE AT ANY POINT IN TIME.
TRANSGRESSION:
• AN EVENT DURING WHICH SEA LEVEL RISES RELATIVE TO THE LAND AND SHORE LINE MOVES TOWARDS HIGHER GROUND.
RETROGRADATION.
• THE MOVEMENT OF COAST LINE LANDWARDS IN RESPONSE TO A TRANSGRESSION.THIS CAN OCCUR DURING A SEA LEVEL RISE WITH
LOW SEDIMENT FLUX.
AGGREDATION
• IT OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A RELATIVE RISE IN SEA LEVEL AND THE RATE OF SEDIMENT INFLUX IS SUFFICENT TO MAINTAIN THE
DEPOSITIONAL SURFACE AT OR NEAR SEA LEVEL
PROGRADATION.
• IT OCCURS WHEN SEA LEVEL FALLS AND SHORELINE MOVES SEAWARDS
BIOFACIES
• Association of organism representing a depositional environment
• Most macro and micro fossils species can be used to identify paleoenvironment
• For example small size benthic foraminifera
• In retro-gradational and pro-gradational depositional system the distribution of fossils assemblages and
the biofacies migrate to landward or basinword.
• Diachronous surface.
• In retro-gradational and pro-gradational the boundaries between biofacies are diachronous surface.
• Types
• 1)Marine biofacies.
• 2)Terrestrial biofacies
• Excamples,
• Microfloral
• Ostracods
• BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
• It is a branch of stratigraphy based on paleontology of rocks
• Paleontology(study of fossils)
• Fossils are remain and impression of organisms preserved from the
geological past.
• Why we study fossils?
• Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long aga they help to
show that evolution has occurred.
• Provides evidence about how earth surface has changed our time.
• Paleoenvironment.
• The past environment of an area during a given period and its history
• Plankton.
• They are marine and fresh water organism which are too small or too week to swim.
• Benthos
• It is community of different organisms that live on in or near the sea bed.
• Excample
• Worms
• clams
• Foraminifera benthos is used commonly to define marine paleoenvironment because it is
evolve in a range of environments.
Lowstand system tract
• Lowstand system track.(LST)
• Fall in sea level
• Production of type 1 sequence boundary.
• Causes of basinward shift of facies.
• LST comprises of two components.
• 1 lowstand fan
• 2 lowstand wedge
• Low stand fan are produced by gravity flow
• Low stand wedge comprise progradational to aggradational parasequence.
• The benthos to be sufficiently sensitive enough to show a response to the changes involve in LST.
• Terrestria organism and fossil assemblages from the eroded shelf and slope with older fossils from the
hinterland
• LST can be recognized by the presence of exotic fossils assemblage with in deeper marine shelf.
• During LST may increase nutrient supply and led to greater plankton productivity.
MAXIMIUM FLOODING SURFACE
• Transgressive system tracts from HSST
• Extending marine conditions landwards.
• Due to sediment starvation shelf drowned and basin deeps
• Forms condense section(high gamma ray,a high sonic travel time and concentration of
uranium in organic rich low density sediments)
• On seismic section forms Down lap surfaces.
• Planktonic abundance events occurs
• Landward distribution of Planktons and deep water Benthos.
• In deep basin sediments starvation may results in the development of highly
fossiliferous sediments deposits.
• Due to slow sedimentation bottom water fossils carbonates dissolution occurs
HIGH STAND SYSTEM TRACT
• Sediment supply=amount accommodation ising relative sea level
• Thick accumulation containing stacked terrestrial fossil assemblages
• Progradational high stand system tracts occurs when rate of sediment
supply exceeds the amount of accommodation space.
• Shelf width at maximum and wave energy is at minimum
• Muddy sediments pre dominates due to absence of powerful currents
• Banthonic Fossils dominate Faunal species
High system track
Transgressive surface
• In sequence stratigraphy It separate LST from TST
• In biostratigraphy transgression surface represent retrogradational
biofacies boundary between terrestrial and marine environments.
Transgressive system track
• Comprise retrogradation
• Deepning upward
• Parasequence sets
• Distal fossils assemblage superimpose upon proximal
• Biofacies passes upward
• Marine facies steps landward
• In warm climate ,coal swamp formation takes place
• Low salinity tolerant plants and animals