COMPONENTS OF

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PUMPS
• ACTUATORS
• VALVES
• MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
• SEALS
• ACCUMULATORS

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Pump: A device that convert mechanical motion into hydraulic

pressure
• NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

• POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
• GEAR PUMP
• VANE PUMP
• PISTON PUMP
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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• GEAR
• EXTERNAL
• THEORETICAL DISCHARGE

• OR,
• WHERE
• b-width of the gear in m
• m-module of gear
• z-number of teeth in driver of driven gear
• -pressure angle of the gear
• N- rpm of pump
• -outside diameter of gear teeth in m
• - inside diameter of gear teeth in m
• =-2(addendum + dedendum ) 4
 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• GEAR PUMP
• INTERNAL

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

• GEAR PUMP
• LOBE:
• Both lobes are driven externally
• So they are not in actual contact
• They are comparatively quit and have greater
Volumetric displacement than other gear pumps

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• GEAR PUMP
• SCREW PUMP: FLUID MOVES LINEARLY TOWARD THE OUTLET
• VERY QUIET OPERATING AND
• NO PULSATION AT HIGHER SPEED.

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• VANE PUMP
• UNBALANCED

• MAXIMUM POSSIBLE ECCENTRICITY=/2

• MAXIMUM VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT=L

• =

• WHERE
• -DIAMETER OF CAM RING IN M
• -DIAMETER OF THE ROTOR IN M
• L-WIDTH OF THE ROTOR IN M
• e-ECCENTRICITY IN M 8
 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• VANE PUMP
• balanced: two inlet and two outlet
• but it cannot be designed as a
variable displacement pump as unbalanced one.

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PISTON PUMP
• AXIAL
• BENT AXIS

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• θ-can be varied 0-30 degrees

• Displacement volume, V=YAS

• Where
• θ- offset angle
• S- piston stroke in m
• D-piston circle diameter in m
• Y-number of piston
• A-area of piston in square meter
• N-rpm

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PISTON PUMP
• AXIAL
• SWASH PLATE

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 • Displacement volume, V=YAS

• Where
• θ- offset angle of swash plate
• S- piston stroke in m
• D-piston circle diameter in m
• Y-number of piston
• A-area of piston in square meter 13

• N-rpm
 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PISTON
• RADIAL

• Displacement volume, V=YAS

• Where
• e-eccentricity in m
• D-piston circle diameter in m
• Y-number of piston
• N-rpm

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PUMP PERFORMANCE
• VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑄𝐴

𝜂𝑣 = ∗100 %= ∗ 100 %
𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑠h𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑄𝑇

• MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

• OVERALL EFFICIENCY

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X
 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

ACTUATORS: CONVERTS PRESSURE INTO MOTION OR FORCE

• ROTARY-HYDRAULIC MOTORS • SEMI-ROTARY • LINEAR MOTION: HYDRAULIC
• GEAR TYPE • VANE TYPE CYLINDERS

• VANE TYPE • SINGLE • SINGLE ACTING

• PISTON TYPE • DOUBLE • DOUBLE ACTING
• AXIAL • PISTON TYPE
• SPECIAL TYPES OF
• SWASH PLATE • RACK AND PINION CYLINDERS
• BENT AXIS • LEVER ARM
• RADIAL • CHAIN AND
• ECCENTRIC CAM SPROCKET

• MULTI-LOBE • HELICAL SCREW

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• EXTERNAL GEAR MOTOR
• High speed and low torque application eg.
Fan and compressor drives
• GEROTOR
• type of internal gear motor
• Mobile and low speed application

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• VANE MOTOR
• THE TORQUE DEVELOPED DEPENDENT ON
THE EXPOSED AREA OR THE PRESSURE OF THE FLUID.
• VANE TYPE MOTORS ARE CONSIDERED
AS LOW TO MEDIUM TORQUE MOTORS.

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

• PISTON MOTOR • SWASH PLATE TYPE

• AXIAL
• BENT AXIS

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PISTON MOTOR
• RADIAL: GENERALLY USED AS LOW SPEED HIGH TORQUE MOTORS IN CRANE
HOISTING, ROAD ROLLERS AND ROLLING MILLS
• MULTI-LOBE CAM TYPE
• ECCENTRIC CAM SHAFT TYPE

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• PUMP PERFORMANCE
• VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑄𝑇 𝐷𝑚 𝑁
𝜂𝑣 = ∗100 % = ∗ 100 %= ∗ 100 %
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑡𝑜 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴

• MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

OR,
• OVERALL EFFICIENCY

• - MOTOR DISPLACEMENT PER REVOLUTION

• N-MOTOR SPEED IN RPM
• T-ACTUAL MOTOR TORQUE 21

• -PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE MOTOR

 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
SEMI-ROTARY ACTUATORS
1.VANE TYPE ACTUATORS
• SINGLE VANE • DOUBLE VANE
• 2800 • 1000
• 40X103NM • 80X103NM

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
2. PISTON TYPE ACTUATOR
• RACK AND PINION SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR
AT PRESSURE OF 210bar OUTPUT TORQUE IS MORE THAN 80X103NM

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• LEVER ARM SEMI-ROTARY ACTUATOR
• ANGLE OF ROTATION <180,

ᵩ
• THE OUTPUT TORQUE IS (PISTON THRUST)X(SIN )X(LENGTH LEVER ARM)

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• CHAIN AND SPROCKET SEMI-ROTARY ACTUATOR
USED IN MULTI REVOLUTION APPLICATIONS
THE LARGER CYLINDER IS POWER CYLINDER AND THE SMALLER IS FOR CHAIN
RETURN OR
SEAL CYLINDER

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
3. helical screw semi-rotary actuator
the piston rod and piston containing helical groove mate together analogously to
a screw and a nut.
the guide rods prevent the piston from rotationused in low pressure application

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• applications of semi-rotary actuators
• moving objects through controlled angle, such as opening large butterfly
valves in pipe lines and used to bend and form tubes and bars
• lifting, tilting, opening, closing applications
• conveyers, valve operators, printing presses, etc…

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

• linear actuators • double acting: both extending and

• single acting cylinder: force retracting done by pressure applied in
applied on one direction, retracted ports
by spring or gravity force

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• CYLINDER CUSHIONING: THE METHOD OF PROTECTING CYLINDER HEAD FROM
IMPACT DURING RETRACTION BECAUSE OF INERTIA FORCES.

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• SPEED OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER • CYLINDER THRUST
• WHEN PISTON EXTENDING • STATIC THRUST
• NET FORWARD THRUST

• WHEN PISTON RETRACTING

• NET RETRACT THRUST=-

• A-blank end area

• a-piston rod area=
• -PRESSURE AT THE BLANK SIDE
• D-piston diameter
• -PRESSURE AT THE ROD SIDE
• d-rod diameter
• CYLINDER POWER
• Q-input flow rate
• -rod end piston flow rate while extending
• -blank end piston flow rate while retracting • P-PRESSURE
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• Q-FLOW RATE
 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• SPECIAL TYPE OF CYLINDER • TANDEM CYLINDER
• DOUBLE ROD CYLINDER • INCREASE OUTPUT FORCE WHEN
BORE SIZE IS LIMITED
• WORK IS PERFORMED IN BOTH SIDES
• EQUAL OPERATING AND RETURN SPEED

• TELESCOPING CYLINDERS
• WHEN LONG WORK-STROKES ARE
NEEDED.

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
• VALVES

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 COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

SEALS FILTERS ACCUMULATOR

• POSITIVE • TYPES • GRAVITY
• STRAINERS
• SURFACE
• NON-POSITIVE • MECHANICAL
• FILTERS • DEPTH
• STATIC • COMPRESSED GASES
• BETA RATIO • EDGE
• DYNAMIC • NON-SEPARATOR
• REMOVAL EFFICIENCY• FILTER LOCATION
• SEAL MATERIALS • SEPARATOR
• MEDIA • SUCTION
• PISTON
• MECHANICAL • PRESSURE
• DIAPHRAGM
• ABSORBENT • RETURN
• • BLADDER
BYPASS AND BLEED-
• ADSORBENT
OFF • BELLOW
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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• SEAL: protection against leakage • TYPES OF SEALS

• leakages can be • positive: no leakage to out; external use

• external or • non-positive: permits small amount of
• internal leakage internally; internal use

• problems of external leakage • static: prevent leakage between non-moving

• wastage of fluid parts.

• fire hazards • dynamic: prevent or reduce leakage in

• slippery floors moving parts

• dirty equipment

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• STATIC SEALS
• GASKETS: FOR INCREASING
TIGHTNESS OF THE SEAL
• GOOD GASKET
• THE MATERIAL SHOULD NOT BE
AFFECTED BY HYDRAULIC FLUID
• SHOULD WITHSTAND MAXIMUM
SYSTEM PRESSURE AND
TEMPERATURE
• SHOULD NOT BE ABRASIVE
• SHOULD NOT WEAR RAPIDLY

• O-RINGS: INSTALLED IN
RECTANGULAR OR A V MACHINED 35

GROOVE.
 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

• DYNAMIC SEALS
1.CONTACT SEALS
• LIP TYPE
• CHEVRON RINGS OR
’V’ PACKING'S
• WIPERS AND
SCRAPERS
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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

2.CLEARANCE TYPE: when • SEAL MATERIALS

some leakage is needed or not • LEATHER
dangerous. characterized by high
• FABRICATED RUBBER
leakage, very low friction and high life.
• PLASTICS
• METALS

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

FILTERS
• STRAINERS: USED TO REMOVE SOLID
PARTICLE FROM FLUID MOVING IN
STRAIGHT LINE.
• FILTERS: CLEAN PARTICLES FROM
FLUID MOVING IN TWISTED PATH.

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• BETA RATIO(): MEASURE OF PERFORMANCE OF THE FILTER

• X- SELECTED PARTICLE SIZE FOR THE GIVEN FILTER

• - REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

• MEDIA
• MECHANICAL: RESISTANCE
• ABSORBENT: SUCK
• ADSORBENT:
ACCUMULATE/COLLECT

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

TYPES OF FILTERS • ADVANTAGE

• SURFACE FILTERS • GREATER STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO
FATIGUE, TEMPERATURE AND CORROSION
• LOW INITIAL CLEAN PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
• LARGE CONTACT AREA
• SURFACE ELEMENT CAN BE REUSED AND
CLEANED

• DIS-ADVANTAGE
• LESS EFFECTIVE WHEN AMOUNT OF
CONTAMINATION REMOVAL FROM FLUID
INCREASES.
• USUALLY EXPENSIVE 41
 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• DEPTH FILTER • ADVANTAGE
• COMPARED TO SURFACE; CAPTURES A
LARGE PERCENTAGE OF
CONTAMINANTS
• REMOVES FREE WATER FROM
HYDRAULIC OIL
• CAN PROVIDE FINER FILTRATION
• USUALLY INEXPENSIVE

• DIS-ADVANTAGE
• IMPRACTICAL TO CLEAN
• LIMITED CAPABILITY WITH FLUIDS
• HIGH INITIAL CLEAN PRESSURE 42

DIFFERENTIAL
 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• EDGE TYPE FILTER

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS

• FILTER LOCATION
• SUCTION LINE
• PRESSURE LINE
• RETURN LINE
• BYPASS AND BLEED OFF

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• ACCUMULATORS: USED TO STORE
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID HELD UNDER
EXTERNAL SOURCE.
TYPES OF ACCUMULATORS
1.WEIGHT LOADED/GRAVITY TYPE
• BECAUSE OF IT’S WEIGHT AND SIZE
NOT SUITABLE FOR MOBILE
APPLICATION
2.SPRING LOADED
• THE PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE
FLUID IS NOT CONSTANT 45
 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
3.GAS LOADED
• NON-SEPARATOR
• HANDLES MORE VOLUME OF FLUID
BUT THERE MAY BE ABSORPTION OF
GAS.

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 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• SEPARATOR TYPE
• PISTON: PISTON USED AS SEPARATOR.
CAN ACCOMMODATE VERY HIGH OR
LOW TEMPERATURE BUT COSTLY AND
LARGE, PISTON AND SEAL FRICTION
MAY ALSO BE PROBLEM AT LOW
PRESSURE.

• DIAPHRAGM: ELASTIC BARRIER USED

AS SEPARATOR. SMALL WEIGHT TO
VOLUME RATIO. SUITABLE FOR
AIRCRAFT APPLICATION. 47
 SEALS, FILTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
• BLADDER TYPE: used to elastic barrier
and responds more quickly than piston type,
because:-
1. no seal friction to overcome and
2. no piston mass to be decelerated or
accelerated. greatest advantage no leakage
between gas and oil.
4.BELLOW TYPE: uses welded metal bellows
which helps, unlike piston and bladder types,
maintenance free service, high reliability, zero
leakage and long life.
• its gas sealed and no need for recharging 48