“An ecosystem is

defined as a
AYUSHI CHANDAT community of
SIDDHANT VORA lifeforms in
KHUSHAL MANDAN concurrence with
non-living
components,
interacting with
 What is an
Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a structural
and functional unit of
ecology where the living
organisms interact with each
other and the surrounding
environment. In other words,
an ecosystem is a chain of
interactions between
organisms and their
environment. The term
 Structure Structure of the
Ecosystem Ecosystem
The structure of an ecosystem is
Abiotic Biotic
characterized by the organization of
Factors Factors
both biotic and abiotic components.
This includes the distribution of
Produc Consu Decomp energy in our
ers mers osers environment. It also includes the
climatic conditions prevailing in that
Primary particular environment. 
Second Tertia
The structure of an ecosystem can be
ary ry
split into two main components,
Herbiv Primary Secondary namely: 
ores 
 What are Biotic
Components
All living components of an
ecosystem, including producers,
consumers, and decomposers are
examples of biotic components.
 Producers include all autotrophs
such as plants. They are called
autotrophs as they can produce
food through the process of
photosynthesis. Consequently, all
other organisms higher up on the
food chain rely on producers for
food.
 Primary consumers are always
herbivores as they rely on
producers for food.
 Secondary consumers depend on
primary consumers for energy.
They can either be carnivores or
omnivores.
 Tertiary consumers are organisms
that depend on secondary
consumers for food. 
 Tertiary consumers can also be
carnivores or omnivores.
 Decomposers include
saprophytes such as fungi and
bacteria. They directly thrive on
 What are Abiotic
Components
 Abiotic components are the
non-living component of an
ecosystem.  It includes air,
water, soil, minerals,
sunlight, temperature,
nutrients, wind, altitude,
turbidity, etc. 
 Abiotic factors can
include water, light,
 Importance of
FOOD Ecosystem
 It provides habitat to wild plants
CHAIN
and animals.
 It promotes various food chains
and food webs.
 It controls essential ecological
processes and promotes lives.
 Involved in the recycling of
nutrients between biotic and
abiotic components.
 It helps in maintaining the usual
flow of energy in an ecosystem
including- Carbon Cycle, Energy
Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle,  Oxygen
 Types Of Ecosystem 
An ecosystem is a community of
both living and non-living entities of
a particular region, that is in
constant interaction with each other,
maintaining the ecological balance.
The biotic or living entities are
constituted by humans, plants, and
animals while the abiotic or non-
living entities are the rock, soil,
water, air, and other such related
components of that region.

Ecosystems are broadly

 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
The type of ecosystems which are
predominantly found on land are
called the terrestrial ecosystems.
Terrestrial ecosystems cover
approximately 140 to 150 million
km2, which is about 25 to 30 percent
of the total earth surface area.
 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
Water supports many lives.
Organisms which survive in water are
called aquatic organisms. They
depend on water for their food,
shelter, reproduction and all other life
activities.
Types of Terrestrial
Ecosystem & Aquatic
Ecosystem.

All ecosystems fall into one of the

above-mentioned categories. Listed
below are the types of ecosystems:
 Desert Ecosystem
 Grassland Ecosystem
 Marine Ecosystem
 Tundra Ecosystem
 Freshwater Ecosystems
 Forest ecosystem
DESERT
ECOSYSTEM DESERT
ECOSYSTEM
Desert ecosystem is the
community of living and
non-living organisms living
together and interacting in
an environment which
seems to be abandoned. A
Desert ecosystem is the
interaction between both
the Biotic and Abiotic
components of the
WHAT IS A DESERT
ECOSYSTEM
When we hear the word ‘desert’ the
DESERT
very first thing that strikes our minds is ECOSYSTEM
a big barren, abandoned and dry land
without plants covered with sand. A
desert can be hot and cold both.
Desert is one of the most dried land
areas on this planet that receives very
little precipitation annually. It is a land
with very less rainfall throughout the
year measured less than 50 cm a year.
Desert ecosystem is the driest
ecosystem of the earth, and this is the
reason it has less vegetation and less
DESERT Characteristics of Desert
ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem
• Aridity
• Less rainfall/ precipitation
• Extreme temperature
• Velocity of wind
• Scarcity of water
• Humidity
• The quality of the soil
• Biodiversity in a desert
ecosystem
• The population density
A desert ecosystem has the
following characteristics: DESERT
• Aridity: ECOSYSTEM
It is the common characteristic of all
the deserts on the earth. Aridity
simply implies the deficiency of
moistures or dryness. Desert
experience very less rainfall and thus
result in aridity.
• Less rainfall/
precipitation:
Less precipitation is one of the major
features of deserts and also the
reason behind the dryness. The
DESERT • Extreme temperature:
ECOSYSTEM
Desert ecosystems experience
extreme temperatures during day
and night. The days are very hot,
and the nights can be extremely
cold. It is the sole characteristic
of all the desert ecosystems either
hot or cold all lacks moisture.

• Velocity of wind:
It tends to be very high in a
desert ecosystem. This is the
reason deserts experience
• Scarcity of water:
Due to less rainfall, there is a
DESERT
shortage of water in a desert ECOSYSTEM
ecosystem. Due to the scarcity of
water deserts have to face the
situation of drought half of the
year.
• Humidity:
The humidity level in a desert
ecosystem is very low in the
daytime and relatively high at
night.
• The quality of the soil:
In deserts is very low to grow
 DESERT
ECOSYSTEM
The following plants are found in the
desert:
Prickly Pear Cacti, Cactus, Tumbleweed,
Saguaro Cactus, Mexican Poppies,
Weathered Trees, Wildflowers, Orange
Trees, And Ficus.
The following animals live in the desert:
• Biodiversity in a desert
ecosystem :
However, the survival in a desert
ecosystem is very hard but
despite the fact, deserts are home
to various plants and animals.
The plants and animals have
adapted to survive in the harsh
and extreme conditions of the
desert.
• The population density:
Density Is very low in deserts and
nearby areas as there is there a
How can the desert DESERT
ecosystem be saved?
ECOSYSTEM
The desert ecosystem can be
saved by the following
methods:
•Planting and seeding
•Managing water
•Manipulating soil properties
•Controlling non-native species
•Management in restored
ecosystems
Desert ecosystems are
necessary to be conserved as
DESERT TYPES OF DESERT
ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM
-Desert ecosystems do not
exist only in hot and dry areas
of the earth. You can a find a
desert ecosystem in a tropical,
arid, and even in extremely
cold locations.
-Here we have shared
information about all the types
of Desert Ecosystem that exist
on this earth.
•Hot and dry
•semi-arid
• Hot and Dry Desert
Ecosystem: DESERT
These kinds of the desert ecosystem ECOSYSTEM
have hot and dry climatic conditions
through the air and have very low
annual rainfall. The hot desert
ecosystem is basically found in
Central America, South Asia,
North , Africa, Australia etc. There
are extreme variations in
temperature and soil is rough and
harsh.
• Semi-arid desert ecosystem:
This desert ecosystem is quite like
the Hot and Dry desert ecosystem.
DESERT
ECOSYSTEM • Coastal desert
ecosystem:
The Atacama Desert in Chile
and Namib in Africa are a good
example of Coastal desert
ecosystem. Such desert
ecosystems are found near the
coastal lines of big water bodies
like oceans and seas and are
generally affected by the ocean
currents. They are more
hospitable than other desert
 DESERT
• Cold desert
ECOSYSTEM
ecosystem:
This desert ecosystem
comprises of abundant
rainfall throughout the
winters and less in summers
and generally has chilling
winters with snowfall. The
summers are short,
moderately hot and moist
here. These are usually
covered with snow dunes.
Such desert ecosystem can
 The hot and dry
desert – Sahara DESERT
ECOSYSTEM
• The Sahara is known as the world’s
largest desert, covering over 8.54 million
square kilometers. It is the largest, and
the hottest desert in the world.
• Sahara desert is in the tropical regions,
which is 1,000 m above sea level. It
covers a huge part of North Africa, and
eleven other countries.
• The climate in this region is extremely
hot, sizzling, dry, and often receives
small quantities of precipitation
throughout the year. SAHARA
• In this hot desert, the days are scorching.
DESERT
 DESERT The cold and dry desert –
ECOSYSTEM Ladakh
• Ladakh is famously known as the
cold desert of India. It is found in
the high altitudes of the
temperate regions, which lie in
the Great Himalayas within the
eastern parts of Jammu and
Kashmir and located in the
western Himalayas region, within
Himachal Pradesh in North India.
• The altitude in Ladakh ranges
LADAKH : COLD AND from about 3,000 m in Kargil to
DRY DESERT 8,000 m in the Karakoram. Due
 DESERT
• The Gangri glacier along ECOSYSTEM
with several other glaciers
are found here, along with
different rivers flowing
through Ladakh. Among the
rivers, Indus is the most
important river that flows
through Ladakh.
• In Ladakh, there are very
few, tiny patches of grasses
and shrubs for animals to
graze on. Many poplars, LADAKH : GANGRI GLACIER/
groves of willows and shrubs HIMALYAN MOUNTAIN
AYUSHI CHANDAT
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SIDDHANT VORA

KHUSHAL MANDAN