a r 4 2 4 s p e c i a l i z a t i o n 0 2

Baguio Heritage: the

convalescence of historical
buildings within axis of the city
REPORTERS:
BACOLOD, M.
FERNANDO, C.
MACATBAG, J.
RAMOS, E.
TIONGSON, Y.
 Definition of Terms
1 Click here to add content of the text，and briefly explain your
point of view

Introduction
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CONTENTS point of view

C o n t e n t s
3 Click here to add content of the text，and briefly explain your
point of view

Case Studies
4 Click here to add content of the text，and briefly explain your
point of view

Conclusion
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point of view
PART 1-5
Definition of Terms
Definition of terms
PART 2-5
Introduction
ABSTRACT
PART 3-5
Contents
This sites are selected according to the guidelines given by the National Historical Commission of

the Philippines. This sites were recognized by the historic preservation division according to the
year they were established until know in spite of having different functions and some of
the aesthetic being altered. The guidelines used to select the historical site are the following
criteria:

Age Site Representative of Authenticity

Development or
These houses are The site or setting Styles in Architecture The house should not
esteemed for their may be urban, have undergone any
age and for having suburban, upland, These are houses which major renovation or
represent a particular modification that has
well withstood the lowland, or rural, altered its form,
ravages of time. and may be of architectural style, form,
or milestone character, and style. A
These houses must environmental, development, house, in order to be
be at least fifty (50) historical, cultural, revolutionary technology, declared a Heritage
years old to qualify. and/or artistic relating to a significant House, should have at
importance. historico-cultural least seventy-five
experience of the Filipino percent (75%) of the
people. original structure and
materials.
 This research will also uphold the basic principles of restoration sited in the 1981 Edition of the Venice
charter or the International Charter for the Conservation and restoration on Monuments and Sites. This articles states
all the rules and regulation for the proper restoration and conservation of the said sites, monuments and buildings. It
states in article 3 of this law that “the intention in conserving and restoring monuments is to safeguard them no less as
works of art than as historic evidence”. It is also written in article 6 that “the conservation of a monument implies
preserving a setting which is not out of scale. Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept”. In article 8 “items
of sculpture, painting or decoration which form an integral part of a monument may only be removed from it if this is
the sole means of ensuring their preservation.”
These guidelines were used in selecting the heritage sites to be preserve and protected. The heritage sites
being stated by the government are to be restore, preserve and save in order to maintain the significant facts carried by
the buildings and the sites. These sites are identified by the government base on the listed criteria by the NHI. The sites
that will be featured in this research paper are selected by the government itself, each site will be discussed using the
following categories:

a) Year of establishment b) Significance of the c) Function of the site d) Architecture of the

event that occur on site
the site

These categories were based on the criteria laid out by the NHI and the HPD. These site were critically and
carefully selected by the government to be save, preserve and restore for the benefit of the future generation.
mapping(old)
mapping(new)
B a g u i o , p l a n n e d a s a c o n va l e s c e n t - c u m -

Burnham Axis 1910-1920

recreational center and a highland refuge by
American colonizers, has evolved into a highly-
urbanized regional center. The availability of
essential urban services and facilities has helped
transform the settlement into the summer capital
of the country, a major educational and tourist
center, the seat of the regional government and,
in recent years, an emerging industrial and health
service center north of Metro Manila. Congestion
arising from rapid population growth and
uncontrolled urban expansion are exerting
pressure on the city’s amenities, resources and

Burnham axis 2019-2020

the natural environment. This profile traces the
city ’s evolution as a hill station to a highly
urbanized regional center, and discusses and
analyses its plans for future development.
Systematic planning, cooperation and good
governance are crucial to address the many
challenges that the city faces, and to allow for its
sustainable development in the future.
 Quezon Elem. School

1935 Quezon Elementary School

Quezon Elementary school is one of the oldest Educational
institution in the City of Baguio, the school was built in 1935 to
accomodate the growing population of upper Session Road,
particularly the Marcoville area, where the Benguet Auto Line
terminus and the city ice & electric plant were located across
the road. The Baguio summer sessions began in 1948, held then
inside a different building which is now the Quezon Elementary
School. Today, the white school with green linings still matches
the aesthetics of the cottages of SC justices inside the
compound. Basically this is the old supreme court session hall
before that is now the quezon elementary school according to
Buan, L.(2018)
Historical constructions are an important part of the cultural
heritage, because of their architectural value and evidence of

Present Quezon Elementary School

building techniques. Their conservation over the centuries is a
responsibility of our society, in order to pass on to future
generations.
The cultural built heritage includes and encloses the historical,
ideological, architectural, artistic and material identity of a city
and consequently any conservation, restoration or rehabilitation
intervention must respect, as much as possible, the authenticity
and compatibility with the original. Knowledge on past urban
renewal and renovation processes are the basis of the definition
of a methodology and strategy, keeping in perspective that
every case has its singularities and necessary adaptations.
 Supreme Court
B a g u i o C i t y

Supreme Court Present Image

Beginning 1946, when the Philippines was granted independence, the Philippine Government would go up to the now so-called
City of Pines and conduct its business there – “a tradition that is continued today only by the Supreme Court of the Philippines”.
The SC Baguio sessions began in 1948. These were held at the Quezon Elementary School, which is sited beside the SC Baguio compound,
recalls Dominador Itliong, who worked with the Court for 30 years. With more than 20 years spent at the SC Baguio compound and
Administrative Building, “Mang Domeng,” as he is fondly called, recalls it was only in 1966 when the SC Administrative Building was
erected. The SC Administrative Building is situated beside the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA) along Upper Session Road, and towards the front of the Baguio Convention Center.
Fruits of the first-ever Baguio Sessions
In 1948, “Tribunal Supremo” Justices held their fi rst Baguio Sessions at the “Ciudad de Baguio.” Volume X of Original Decisions
of the Court (covering the period March 5 to April 30, 1948) showed the Court promulgated a total of 19 Decisions from April 16 to 30,
1948. Resolved by the Court were cases on treason, disqualifi cation, land disputes, forcible entry and detainer, adoption, estafa, murder,
and an “appeal from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Zamboanga reversing a verdict of the referee in a cockfi ght,” among
others. The Decisions, which range from two to 17 pages, were written mostly in English, with two written in Spanish.
 Convention Center
The Baguio Convention center is reputed to be the
most modern and most spacious facility of its kind north of Metro

1978 convention center

Manila. It is often used for conventions, programs, conferences,
graduations, and other types of indoor gatherings or activities
requiring a large capacity.
Back in the late 1970s, a convention center was built in
the center of a growing urban area in the Cordillera. The 39-year
old Baguio Convention Center is one of the oldest and largest
convention facilities in the North. Aside from big congresses that
add up to its history, stories about the Baguio Convention Center
remain unknown and unheard of as if the only thing worth telling
about it is that it is one of the accomplished projects of then first
Lady Imelda Marcos. Built in 1978, the Baguio Convention Center
(BCC) was established during the Marcos administration for the
holding of conventions, gatherings, and other big events in the

Present image of convention

city. It was inaugurated by former president Ferdinand Marcos in
1978 during the World Chess Tournament between the Russian
chess grandmasters, Anatoly Karpov and Victor Korchnoi, in the
convention facility.
Along Governor Pack road, the Baguio Convention Center sits
across the Baguio campus of the University of the Philippines.
Since it was established, the Baguio Convention Center has never
undergone renovation or major repair even after the 1990
earthquake shook the city. As old as it is, the building remains to
be a venue for events and activities of the city and private
organizations.
 Baden Powell

photo credit: William Fabianic (photo was

History

enhanced from its original version)

"PHILIPPINE COMMISSION'S FIRST SESSION IN BAGUIO
This is the site of the building where the Philippine
Commission held its first Session in Baguio from April 22 to June
11, 1904, inclusive, initiating use of Baguio as the Philippines'
Summer Capital. The Commission was composed of Governor-
General Luke E. Wright, President, and Commissioners Henry
C. Ide, Dean C. Worcester, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda,
Jose R. de Luzuriaga, James F. Smith, and W. Cameron Forbes. In
this Session, 74 Acts and 273 Resolutions were approved. 1940"
Early in 1900 the Americans established their government with H.
Phelps Whitmarsh as the first civil governor appointed for the
first provincial government established in the Philippine Islands,
Benguet. At that time, the Philippines was still under the U.S.
Military Government. Baguio was then the capital of Benguet,

photo credit: David Montasco

and the American's best administrators and teachers were
fervent boosters and promoters: Worcester, Wright, Forbes, Pack,
Barrows, Eckman and others who together with Filipinos
committed to make the place a virtual heaven on earth.
Function now
It is now a transient dormitory known as the Baden
Powell Inn. Meanwhile, the dirt road leading to the Baden Powell
Hall in the 1900s is the present-day Session Road, in memory of
the first Sessions of the Philippine Commission.
PART 4-5
Case Studies
 Stoneleigh as a Case Study in
Foreign
Architectural and Land Preservation
This thesis examines Stoneleigh, a recently preserved historic landscape garden and Tudor
Case Revival House in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. An eminent domain legal challenge threatened the
permanent protection of this estate, which was set through Façade and Conservation Easements. John and
Studies Chara Haas, Stoneleigh’s last private owners recognized the property’s naturalistic values and created a
Conservation Easement for the property with Natural Lands. Natural Lands, a region-wide land trust serving
Southern New Jersey and Southeastern Pennsylvania, owns Stoneleigh. This land trust created a facade
easement for Stoneleigh’s grand house. The Lower Merion Conservancy and the Preservation Alliance of
Greater Philadelphia monitor the estate’s easements. In May of 2018, Natural Lands planned to open
Stoneleigh as a public garden, the Lower Merion School Board instigated a potential taking through eminent
domain. This threat to the estate’s preservation spurred support of the property from around the region.
Stoneleigh’s value lies in its role as a historic site and preserved open space in a densely populated suburban
community.
The thesis argues that Stoneleigh’s case provides connections between historic and land
preservation organizations, and closer collaboration between these organizations will be critical in the future.
Both of these organizations have similar goals, aiming to protect historic resources and everyday locations.
With added development pressures, preservationists on local and state levels will need to strengthen current
laws for protecting historic properties. Greater collaboration between historic and land preservation groups
protecting both natural and cultural resources have the potential of strengthening laws for preserving historic
places.

Keywords
conservation easement, facade easement, Lower Merion Conservancy, Natural Lands, Preservation Alliance
for Greater Philadelphia
 Permanent Impermanence: Preserving the Garden
Foreign
Room at Frank Lloyd Wright's Desert Camp,
Case Taliesin West
Since Taliesin West is both an active architectural school and historic site, this thesis study
Studies explores the use of “progressive authenticity” in the preservation of the Garden Room at Frank Lloyd Wright’s
Taliesin West. Progressive authenticity is a preservation theory that focuses on the values and cultural
heritage of a site, known as the intangible heritage, as well as the physical historic fabric, the tangible
heritage. Progressive authenticity argues that every layer of change, including new changes, is part of a
historic site’s identity. From construction in 1939 to today, every layer of change by Wright, his wife
Olgivanna Lloyd Wright, and their Fellows are important to the identity of the Garden Room. Along with the
historic fabric, the essence of the Wright’s and their Fellows are important as intangible heritage. The spirit of
the Wright’s is expressed through the ideology of experimentation and change, connection to nature, and a
feeling of community. These have been lost over time and strategies could be created to re-incorporate them
into the Garden Room’s interpretation.

Keywords
experimentation, intangible heritage, progressive authenticity, tangible heritage, community
 Authenticity of the Light Environment of the
Foreign
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Case
Daylight is one of the essential elements in the human experience of architectural space, and this
Studies is especially the case with the historic buildings that predate the wide-spread use of electric light. With a
historic building, the architect’s original design intent for daylighting may be diminished by a variety of
factors: environmental context, replacement of glazing material, soiling, window treatments, introduction of
artificial light, interventions for the improvement of energy efficiency, and removal or abandonment of
external shading devices such as shutters. By operating computational simulation of the indoor daylight
environment on a chosen historic building, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, this thesis is to
estimate how light quality has altered over time and how it has changed the viewer’s appreciation of a space.

Keywords
daylight simulation, illuminance, museum lighting, PAFA, skylight
 The Role of Cultural Preservation within the
Foreign
Resettlement Landscape: A Case Study of the
Case Puerto Rican Vernacular in Philadelphia
This thesis examines the modification of the social and architectural landscape within their new
Studies place of residence, as Puerto Rican migrants move from their home state to the receiving state. By
investigating the physical adaptation of space, I question what role cultural preservation, if any, serves the
migrating communities in these periods of transition, specifically in cities with substantial development and
growth pressures. For the purpose of this research, I define cultural preservation as the act of safeguarding
and protecting a community-defined and identified interpretation of a collective and shared history and
culture as it is represented within the physical and social space - as it is contained in both the neighborhood’s
architecture and the memories of its residents. I analyze existing preservation practices whose aim is to
safeguard cultural community assets and questioned whether or not these policies and practices potentially
hinder or aid communities during periods of migration and integration. Finally, I question whether or not
these adapted and integrated spatial forms define a new category of preservation, confronting the need to
reconsider its, at times, static terminology.

Keywords
Migration, Cultural heritage, Puerto Rico, Vernacular architecture, Philadelphia
 Heritage Preservation in War: Proactive and
Foreign
Reactive Approaches Applied to the Old City in
Case Sana’a, Yemen
The inherent nature of heritage as a symbol of a community’s identity – whether it be
Studies dependent on national, ethnic, or religious affiliations – has made it a frequent target during warfare despite
heritage destruction being a war crime according to the 1954 Hague Convention. During war, the institutions
responsible for preserving heritage spaces are often unable to offer support, making it the community’s
responsibility to uphold preservation methods which can be secondary to the pressing issues of safety. The
protection of heritage amid war depends on numerous variables ranging from community knowledge to the
available resources and capacity to enforce preservation strategies.
The Old City in Sana’a, Yemen – a UNESCO World Heritage Site – has recently been at the center
of a foreign-backed civil war. Since 2015, it has suffered damage from strategic bombing to its historic core. It
is therefore an appropriate site for studying the relationship between architecture and war; for highlighting
the toll of armed conflict upon a world heritage city; and for proposing both proactive and reactive
approaches that can help mitigate further damage. By researching proposed and existing strategies for
preserving heritage in war and applying them to the Old City of Sana’a, this thesis sheds light on the obstacles
that heritage sites face in planning for war. Ultimately, it seeks to contribute to the continuing conversation
around the protection of heritage in Sana’a and worldwide, with the hope that improvements will be made in
Sana’a during a time of eventual peace. The lessons learned in Sana’a will have relevance for other World
Heritage Sites, and specifically for developing cities with historic cores that are beginning to create
management plans for their future.

Keywords
Sana'a, Yemen, war, emergency planning, heritage protection
 Challenges in Preserving The Heritage Houses Of
local
Batanes, Philippines
Houses built in the tropics need to deal with the contextual elements inherent in the region.
Case Such is the case for heritage houses located in Batanes, Philippines. Natives built their dwellings to address
Studies fundamental issues such as earthquakes, hot humid summer months, strong typhoons and continuous
monsoon rains. The low houses with their heavy stone walls and thick grass roofs are not found anywhere
else in the country. They are vernacular architecture of lime, stone, wood and thatch. They are designed to
adapt to extreme conditions of a region that is dominated by the unpredictable climate. The people realize
that their unique ways provide the special quality that ensures the perpetuation of Batanes as a living cultural
landscape. Situated between the equatorial latitudes of Cancer and Capricorn, the sun hovers almost directly
above generating an environment that is warm and fertile during summer. During the rainy season,
inhabitants nestle inside their cozy houses with abundant stock of agricultural products that will last
throughout the rest of the year. Natives rely on agriculture and fishing for their livelihood. Their architecture
showcases poetic values that integrate local traditions into the physical environment. In Addition, builders
subscribed to the rule that form is shaped by daily activities and the elements.
In general, the main purpose of heritage architecture preservation for Batanes is: firstly for
habitation and second to increase revenues through tourism. A detailed promotion program is currently in
process. Promotional activities undertaken within the past year have included publication of newspaper
articles, photographic exhibitions, Batanes Week Celebration, and the Batanes Festival sponsored by the
Batanes Province and the Department of Tourism in Manila.
 The Cultural Heritage-Oriented Approach to
local
Economic Development in the Philippines: A
Case Comparative Study of Vigan, Ilocos Sur and Escolta,
Studies Manila
Abstract: Goal 11 of the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals prescribes that culture matters. However, the
case of Escolta, Manila presents otherwise. This paper investigates the ways how cultural heritage can be a
driver for economic development in the Philippines following the Van Der Borg and Russo’s (2005) Culture-
Oriented Economic Development (COED) framework. It stresses the interrelationship of inner cultural cluster
dynamics, economic impacts, and socio-environmental impacts which provides for a cycle composed of
culture promoting development and in return development fostering culture, then leading to development.
The case of Escolta, Manila was compared to the case of Vigan, Ilocos Sur using the one-off initiative
framework provided by UNESCO World Heritage Centre for heritage conservation. The results revealed that it
is the lack of interest of property owners in Escolta, Manila as the principal shareholders that makes built-
heritage conservation unmanageable. Since most built heritages are privately owned and have not been
granted heritage status by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), efforts to revive
Escolta face significant threats. Thus there is a need for concrete legislative frameworks to address such
apathy. Interestingly, the results corroborated the findings of Palaña (2015) explaining why it is easy for
owners to sell the property or leave it to deteriorate than be burdened by its preservation costs without any
definite return of investment. The thrust of Vigan’s development framework was anchored on cultural
heritage conservation leading to people emancipation as local guardians of cultural heritage resulting to
direct and indirect economic benefits. If such framework can be replicated in the revitalization of Escolta,
Manila, the Queen of Streets of Manila will rise back, pronouncing once more that cultural heritage can be
the driver of economic development and that cultural heritage conservation is not always an obstacle to
urban development in the Philippines. Key Words: cultural heritage; culture development; heritage
conservation; adaptive re-use; culture-oriented economic development.
PART 5-5
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
These studies shows that this reality reveals why old
buildings still matter up to this day. This scans both its` cultural and
practical values that explains why preserving them is the best idea
not only for the community’s culture, but also for the local economy.
It also emphasizes the relevance of historical events that have
happened and have been part the community’s tangible past, and by
that people find the place more interesting and attractive in some
ways. Through this, we appreciate more the historic buildings and it
obligates us to do the restoration later as a mean of preserving them,
for once a piece of our history is lost, it can never be undone and it
will be gone forever. Although a historical preservation may not be
immediately apparent, a deeper look into which historical values
invest to its place, it's more impressive and respectable. These
studies conclude that buildings in old times are not only functional
but it's also significant for todays` generation, a mark of reminding us
that things that happens today are from yesterday, and that locating
and saving these buildings that has historic significance must be
valued. Therefore, what is in today are for tomorrow.
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