Anatomy & Physiology

Review Dec 2021

Subtitle
Chemistry of life review
 Inorganic vs organic
› Organic chemicals contain both (H)and (C)
› The rest are inorganic
› Examples of inorganic oxygen, water, salt and carbon dioxide
› Examples of organic substances include carbohydrates, lipds
proteins and Nucleic Acids
Epithelial Tissue
Glands
Mitosis vs Meiosis
 Action Potential
› Action potentials are the rapid changes in charge across the
membrane that occur when a neuron is firing
› Action potentials occur in three main stages: depolarization,
repolarization and a refractory period
Resting membrane potential
 Depolarization
› Depolarization
› Depolarization refers to a sudden change in membrane potential
– usually from a (relatively) negative to positive internal charge
› In response to a signal initiated at a dendrite, sodium
channels open within the membrane of the axon
› As Na+ ions are more concentrated outside of the neuron, the
opening of sodium channels causes a passive influx of sodium
› The influx of sodium causes the membrane potential to become
more positive (depolarization)
 Repolarization
› Repolarization
› Repolarization refers to the restoration of a membrane potential
following depolarization (i.e. restoring a negative internal charge)
› Following an influx of sodium, potassium channels open within
the membrane of the axon
› As K+ ions are more concentrated inside the neuron, opening
potassium channels causes a passive efflux of potassium
› The efflux of potassium causes the membrane potential to return
to a more negative internal differential (repolarization
› Refractory Period
› The refractory period refers to the period of time following a
nerve impulse before the neuron is able to fire again
› In a normal resting state, sodium ions are predominantly outside
the neuron and potassium ions mainly inside (resting potential)
› Following depolarization (sodium influx) and repolarization
(potassium efflux), this ionic distribution is largely reversed
› Before a neuron can fire again, the resting potential must be
restored via the antiport action of the sodium-potassium pump 
Sodium /Potassium PUMP
The nephron
The Glomerulus
The nephron
Immunity
Cell mediated Immunity
DNA “Deoxyribose nucleic Acid”
RNA “Ribose Nucleic Acid”
Cranial Nerves
Reflex arc
 Association areas
› Are parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from multiple
areas
› They integrate incoming SENORY information and also form
connections between sensory and motor areas.
› Allows us to analyze recognize and act on sensory input with
respect to past experiences.
› When damaged we loose the ability to recognize objects, sounds,
voices, or visions from our memories
Respiratory System
Mechanics of breathing
Digestive system
muscles
Types of Joints
Acid /base balance
›

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