IEC 60076-16

Service Condition
1. Normal Service Condition
• for liquid-immersed transformer
• for dry-type transformer (detailed in IEC 60076-11)
2. Particular Service Condition (installed within a tower or nacelle)
• Temperature rise correction: yearly average and maximum temperature >
value in normal service condition.

• Consideration of the influences on the temperature of the enclosure

Over-excitation
1. When operation under load:
a) Secondary voltage and volts per hertz not exceeding 115% of rated values
and with minimum frequency of 95% of rated value
b) Power factor is 0,8 or higher.
2. When operation under no load:
a) Capable of operating above rated voltage and and below rated frequency:
when neither voltage or volts per hertz exceeding 120% of rated values.
Humidity and Salinity
Issues on transformers caused by levels of humidity and salinity:
• Salt spray
• Excessive moisture and humidity
• Dripping water
• Condensation
These will affect transformer, so some possible ways to reduce the
severity:
• Increased and more comprehensive maintenance cycles
• Avoidance of air insulated terminals and exposed conductors
• Increased creepage distances
Level of Vibration, Corrosion Protection and
Flammability Issues
Level of Vibration:
• Vibration of the structure is to be taken into account
• Vibration spectrum should be specified

Corrosion Protection:
• Protection class should be specified that is defined in ISO 12944
• For offshore application: Level C5-M or higher (ISO 12944-4)

Flammability Issues with transformers mounted in the tower or nacelle

• Less flammable insulating liquids or dry type construction are recommended
Thermal Cycling of Transformer
Overload Capability
The maximum sustained power output of the wind turbine shall:
• not considered an overload condition for the transformer
• be provided for in the nominal rating

The principles in the appropriate loading guides shall be applied to the

defined loading cycle:
• For liquid-immersed transformers, in IEC 60076-7
• For dry-type transformers, in IEC 60076-12
• For high temperature liquid-immersed transformers, in IEC 60076-14
Over-temperature Protection and additional
Tests for Transformer
Over-temperature protection:
• A suitable over-temperature detector that can provide an alarm or trip
signal should be provided

Additional tests for wind turbine transformers:

• Lightning impulse type tests
• Lightning impulse routine sample tests
• Partial discharge test for liquid-immersed transformers
• Climatic and environmental test for dry-type transformers