Unit 4 : DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

&
BUSINESS RESEARCH PAPER

- Presented by Group 9
01
 Table of content
 Data Analysis – Univariate and Bivariate analysis
 Classification and Presentation of data
 Descriptive Analysis – measures of central tendency,
position, dispersion.
 Introduction to inferential statistic- hypothesis testing
(z,t,f statistic, chi-square test)
 Report writing

2
 What is Data Analysis?
• The process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques
to describe and illustrate ,condense and recap and evaluate data is called
Data Analysis.
• Statistical data analysis can be used in situations like gathering research
interpretations, statistical modelling or designing surveys and studies.
• The goal of data analysis is to identify trends. For example, a retail business
might use statistical analysis to find patterns in unstructured or semi-
structured customer data that can be used to create a more positive customer
experience and increase sales.

3
 TYPES OF VARIABLE
Interval Variable Ordinal Variable Nominal Variable Dichotomous
• Variables where the
distances between the
• Variables whose • These variables,
Variable
categories are identical categories can be also known as
ranked in order but • These variables
across the range of categorical contain data that
categories. the distances variables, comprise
between them are have only two
• In a survey examining categories that
not equal across the categories.
the behaviour of gym cannot be ranked in
range. • For example, a
goers, in a question order.
asking how much time a • For example, in the question in a
• For example, in case
person spends on cardio case of a question survey asking
of a question asking participants their
equipment daily, the asking participants participants their
distance between the how frequently they gender , a yes or
main reason for no question or a
categories would be 1 use the gym ,the going to the gym , true or false
minute. A person may difference between we cannot say that question has
spend 32 minutes which the category ‘every ‘relaxation’ is more dichotomous
is 1 minute more than day’ and ‘4-6 days a
someone who spends 31 of something than variables.
week’ is not the same ‘maintain or improve
minutes. That difference as the difference
is the same as between fitness’ or ‘lose
between ‘4-6 days a weight’.
someone who spends 8
week’ and ‘2-3 days
minutes & a person who
a week’ and so on.
spends 9 minutes on the
machine. 4
Univariate Analysis
• It is the analysis of one variable at a time. ‘Uni’ means one and ‘variate’ means variable. It
is the most basic form of statistical data analysis and is used when the data contains only
one variable and does not deal with a cause and effect relationship.
• Examples of Univariate Analysis: number of people who have been vaccinated in India in
2021 ; the weight of all the student in a school in Delhi.
• Univariate techniques are appropriate when there is a single measurement of each element
in the sample or when there are several measurements of each element but each variable
is analysed in isolation . Univariate data can be described with the help of the following :
1. Frequency Distribution Tables
2. Bar Charts
3. Histograms
4. Pie Charts

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BIVARIATE
ANALYSIS

Bivariate analysis is concerned with the

analysis of two variables at a time in order to
uncover whether or not the two variables are
related. Exploring relationships between
variables means searching for evidence that
the variation in one variable coincides with
variation in another variable. A variety of
techniques is available for examining
relationships, but their use depends on the
nature of the two variables being analyzed.
EXAMPLE
The results from bivariate analysis
can be stored in a two-column data CALORIC INTAKE WEIGHT (Y)
table. For example, you might want (X)
to find out the relationship between
3500 250lbs
caloric intake and weight (of
course, there is a pretty strong
2000 225lbs
relationship between the two.
Caloric intake would be the  1500 110lbs
independent variable, X and weight
would be the dependent variable, Y. 2250 145lbs

4500 380lbs
 TYPES OF BIVARIATE
DATA
SCATTER PLOTS REGRESSION ANALYSIS CORRELATION
These give you a visual Regression analysis is a catch all COEFFICIENT
term for a wide variety of tools that Calculating values for correlation
idea of the pattern that
you can use to determine how your coefficients are usually performed on
your variables follow.
data points might be related. In the a computer, although you can find the
chart, the points look like they steps to find the correlation coefficient
400
350
could follow an exponential curve by hand also. This coefficient tells you
300 (as opposed to a straight line). if the variables are related. Basically, a
CALORIC INTAKE

250
Regression analysis can give you zero means they aren’t correlated (i.e.
200
the equation for that curve or line. related in some way), while a 1 (either
150
100 It can also give you the correlation positive or negative) means that the
50
coefficient. variables are perfectly correlated (i.e.
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 they are perfectly in sync with each
WEIGHT (in lbs) other).
 Classification of Data
LINE GRAPHS Application

Line graphs, also called line charts, are used to represent

quantitative data collected over a specific subject and a specific It helps to determine the
time interval. All the data points are connected by a line. relationship between two sets of
values, with one data set always
Tea Coffee Cola being dependent on the other data
Example: 50 set.
Here we are taking an
example of weekly sales 40 The slope of the line helps in
of three products at a comparing the magnitude of
30 change between any two
local store. consecutive points on the graph.
20
Sales of different weeks The steeper the slope, the greater
are connected through 10 is the change in magnitude
between two consecutive points.
lines which gives us the
0
line chart.
 HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency Difference from Bar Graph
distribution with continuous classes.
It is a representation of data which is grouped into continuous The histogram looks more similar
number ranges and each range corresponds to a vertical bar. to the bar graph, but they are
different:

• While a histogram can be used

Example:
to present quantitative data, a
Here is a sample of bar graph is suited for
heights of 15 students of categorical data.
class ninth.
• A major difference point is that
the bars of a histogram touch
In order to find the height and those of bar graph do not.
which the maximum
students belong to we • A histogram shows distribution
have used histogram. of non-discrete variables while
a bar graph shows that of
discrete variables.
BOXPLOT Difference from Bar Graph
The line across the middle shows the median. The
Box plots, also known as box-and-whiskers plots, are median's position on the box indicates how much
used to illustrate a data set's distribution. data is above or below it.

The values above the median are represented by

By giving the reader their position and length, these
the top "whisker.” Dots above the top "whisker" are
graphs transmit five aspects of data distribution.
outliers and similar interpretation may be applied
for the bottom “whisker”.

Example:
• The range of the box represents the IQR
(interquartile range) and extends from Q1 (first
quartile) to Q3 (third quartile) of the distribution.

• The line across the box represents the median. On

box plots, the "whiskers" extend from Q1 & Q3 to the
most extreme data points, each of these outliers is
represented by a mark.

BAR GRAPH
Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of grouped
data in the form of vertical or horizontal rectangular bars,
where the length of bars are proportional to the measure of
data and the columns have same width.
Application
Bar graphs are used to match things
between different groups or to trace
changes over time, preferable large.
They possess a discrete domain of
divisions and are normally scaled so that all
the data can fit on the graph.

Example:
In a firm of 400 employees, the percentage of monthly salary
saved by each employee is given in the following table. Represent
it through a bar graph.

Savings (in %) Employees(Frequency)

20 105
30 199
40 29
50 73
Total 400

This can also be presented in a horizontal manner.

PIE CHART Application
Pie charts can be used to show
A pie chart is a type of graph that displays data in a circular graph, percentages of a whole, and
where the pie represents a whole and slices are its parts that illustrate represents percentages at a set
numerical proportion. Here the arc length of each slice is proportional point in time.
to the quantity it represents. Often used by businesses to
compare areas of growth such as
Example: turnover and profit.
A teacher surveys her class on the basis of favourite Sports of
students:
Football-10 Hockey-5 Cricket-5 Basketball-10 Badminton-10

Central angle of each component =

(Value of each component/sum of values of all the components)
✕ 360°

Football (10/ 40)× 360° = 90

Hockey (5 / 40) × 360°=45°
Cricket (5/40) × 360°=45°
Basketball (10/ 40)× 360°=90°
Badminton (10/ 40) × 360°=90°
Descriptive Statistics
1 .It is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or
summarizes features from a collection of information.
2. They are calculated using relatively simple procedures
that enables the researcher to get a feel for data.
3. Basic relationship among variables are established so
that further rigorous analysis of data can be carried out in
focused manner.
4.It include -1. measure of frequency
2. measure of central tendency
3. measure of dispersion/variability
. 4. measure of position.
Measure Of Central Tendency
In statistics, a central tendency is a central or typical value for a
probability distribution. The most common measures are arithmetic
mean , the median and the mode.
For a normally distributed data,the distribution curve is symmetrical. The
measure of central tendency are equal for such data.

CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean
mode
median
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MEAN /ARITHMETIC MEAN
 Mean locate the centre of distribution
 it is simply the sum of values divided by the total number of items in
the set.
 Affected by extreme values
 Can be calculated only if data is at least interval scaled
It cannot be calculated for data measured on nominal
MERITS DEMERITS
scale.

∑{i=1…..n} X / n
Easy to understand and Cannot be determined by
 for ungrouped data , X = i
calculate. inspection

Xi = observed valuesof the variable x Capable of further

mathematical treatment.
Cannot be obtained if single
observation is missing

n= number of observations
For example, take this list of numbers: 10, 10, 20, 40, 70. The mean is found by
adding all of the numbers together and dividing by the number of items in the
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set: 10 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 70 / 5 = 30.
 MEDIAN
It is the middle value when the data are arranged in
ascending or descending order. it is 50th percentile.
When 'n' is odd number of observations then the
median formula is [Median = {(n + 1)/2} th term].
When 'n' is even number of observations then the
median formula is [Median = ((n/2)th term + (n/2 + MERIT DEMERIT
1)th term)/2].
Example- the median of 3, 3, 5, 9, 11 is 5. If there is Rigidly defined ,
easy to understand
In case of even
number, median
and not affected by cannot be
an even number of observations, then there is no single extreme values. determined exactly.

middle value; the median is then usually defined to be

the mean of the two middle values: so the median of 3, Not capable of
Can be determined
further mathematical
5, 7, 9 is (5+7)/2 = 6 graphically
treatment.

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MODE
Most commonly appearing value in a given set of data.
Represents the highest peak of the distribution.
Good measure of location when the variable is inherently
categorial or has otherwise been grouped MERIT DEMERIT
into categories.
easy to calculate, Ill-defined ,not
Data can even be nominal scaled for calculation of mode not affected by based upon
extreme values. observations.

The mode of ungrouped data {4 , 2, 4, 3, 2, 2} is 2

because it occurs three times, which is more than any other Conveniently
located even if the It is affected to a
frequency great extent by
number. distribution has fluctuations of
class intervals of sampling
unequal magnitude.

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 Measures of Position
01 Percentiles
Measures of Position
Measures of position is a tool of
descriptive analysis which give us
a way to see where a certain data 02 Quartiles
point or value falls in a sample or
distribution.
A measure can tell us whether a value
is about the average, or whether it’s
unusually high or low. Measures of 03 Decile
position are used for quantitative data
that falls on some numerical scale.
Z-Score
04 (Standarised
Score)
 Percentile
Percentiles are common measures
of position. To get a percentile,
the data is divided into 100
regions. A specific data point will
fall in one of those regions and
then you assign a percentile to
indicate how much data
is below that specific data point.
Quartile
Quartile, as it is a statistical term
that divides the data into four
quarters. It basically divides the
data points into a data set in 4
quarters on the number line.
Quartile divides a set of
observations into 4 equal parts.  100th percentiles.
r= which quartile your are checking
Decile
Deciles are similar to quartiles.
But while quartiles sort data
into four quarters, deciles sort
data into ten equal parts: The
10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th,
60th, 70th, 80th, 90th and
The higher your place in the
decile rankings, the higher your
overall ranking. 
i= which quartile your are checking
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 Measure of Dispersion
Measures of dispersion help to describe the variability in data. Dispersion is a statistical term that can be used to
describe the extent to which data is scattered. Thus, measures of dispersion are certain types of measures that are
used to quantify the dispersion of data. It is calculated to study the variation from its center as well as the overall
range spread of the data

Range Variance Standard Variation

The range measures the spread of
data. It is calculated as the
difference between the largest and
the smallest value in the data
Range = H - S
where H is the largest value and S is
the smallest value in a data set.
The average squared deviation from the
mean of the given data set is known as
the variance. This measure of dispersion
checks the spread of the data about the
mean.
The square root of the variance gives the 
standard deviation. Thus, the standard deviation
also measures the variation of the data about
the mean. It measures the total variation among
the value in a data set (whereas variance
measures only the average variation. The larger
the value of ( x – mean )^2, the greater the
variation amonth the values in a data set

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 PARAMATRIC TEST
Parametric tests can be applies only if the data is for at least an
intervscale. Parametric test assumes the population distribution to have
certain characteristics.The researcher needs tonmake the necessary
assumption about the population before applying thhese tests.

Z-Test

1. It is a parametric test of hypothesis testing.

2. It is used to determine whether the means are different when the
population variance is known and the sample size is large (i.e., greater
than 30).
Assumptions of this test:

Population distribution is normal

Samples are random and independent.
The sample size is large.
Population standard deviation is known.
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A Z-test can be:

 One Sample Z-test: To compare a sample mean with that of the population mean.

The one-sample z-test is used to test whether

the mean of a population is greater than, less
than, or not equal to a specific value. Because
the standard normal distribution is used to
calculate critical values for the test, this test is
often called the one-sample z-test. The z-test
assumes that the population standard
deviation is known.

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Two Sample Z-test: To compare the means of two different
samples.

x̄1 is the sample mean of 1st group

x̄2 is the sample mean of 2nd group

σ1 is the population-1 standard deviation

σ2 is the population-2 standard deviation

n is the sample size

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VARIANCE RATIO TEST – F TEST
VARIANCE RATIO TEST IS ALSO KNOWN AS F TEST. IT WAS PROPOUNDED BY R.A. FISHER AND
LATER DEVELOPED BY G.W. SNEDECOR.
THE F TEST IS NAMED IN THE HONOUR OF FISHER.

F TEST MEANING AND USE :

THE F TEST REFER TO A TEST OF HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING TWO VARIANCE DERIVED FROM
TWO SAMPLES. THIS TEST IS USED SPECIALLY WHEN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO VARIANCE IS TO BE TESTED I.E. WHEN IT IS TO BE DECIDED WHETHER TWO
SAMPLES REGARDED AS DRAWN FROM THE NORMAL POPULATION HAVING THE SAME
VARIANCE OR NOT. AS RATIO OF VARIANCES IS CALCULATED IN THIS TEST, IT IS KNOWN AS
VARIANCE RATIO TEST.
ASSUMPTIONS OF F TEST:
THE F TEST IS BASED ON FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS:
• NORMALITY : THE UNIVERSE FROM WHICH SAMPLES ARE DRAWN IS NORMALLY
DISTRIBUTED.
• RANDOM METHOD AND INDEPENDENCE: THIS ITEMS OF SAMPLES HAVE BEEN SELECTED
RANDOMLY AND INDEPENDENTLY.
• MORE THAN UNITY: VARIANCE RATIO MUST BE ONE OR GREATER THAN ONE. IN THIS
CONTEXT LARGER ESTIMATE OF VARIANCE IS DIVIDED BY SMALLER ESTIMATE OF
VARIANCE.
• ADDICTIVE PROPERTY: TOTAL OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE IS EQUAL TO
TOTAL VARIANCE I.E.
TOTAL VARIANCE = VARIANCE BETWEEN SAMPLES + VARIANCE WITHIN SAMPLES
CALCULATION OF F TEST:
THE PROCESS OF CALCULATION OF F TEST IS AS FOLLOWS:
 VARIANCE OF SAMPLES: FIRST OF ALL VARIANCES OF BOTH SAMPLES ARE CALCULATED
BY USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULAS.
S12 = ∑(X1 – X 1 )2 S22 = ∑(X2 - X2 )2
N1 – 1 N2 - 1
 NULL HYPOTHESIS: THEN HYPOTHESIS OF THIS IS FORMULATED, WHICH MAY BE
EITHER OF THESE TWO
(A)TWO SAMPLES ARE DRAWN FROM THE SAME UNIVERSE.
(B)THE VARIANCE OF POPULATION CORESPONDING TO BOTH SAMPLES ARE EQUAL.
 VARIANCE RATIO: VARIANCE RATIO IS OBTAINED AS FOLLOWS-
F = LARGER ESTIMATE OF VARIANCE
SMALLER ESTIMATE OF VARIANCE
IT MEANS THAT IF S12 > S22 , THE FORMULA WILL BE F = S12 / S22
 .

 CALCULATION OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM:

DEGREES OF FREEDOM FOR SAMPLES HAVING LARGER VARIANCE IS CALLED V1 AND
DEGREES OF FREEDOM FOR SAMPLES HAVING SMALLER AS V2.
 TABLE VALUE OF F: THE CRITICAL VALUE OF F IS OBTAINED FROM F TABLE AT 5% OR 1% LEVEL
OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR V1 AND V2.
 INTERPRETATION : THE COMPUTED VALUE AND TABULAR VALUE OF F ARE COMPARED AND
(A) IF F < F.05, VARIANCE RATIO WILL BE INSIGNIFICANT AND BOTH THE SAMPLES WILL BE
CONSIDERED TO HAVE DRAWN FROM THE SAME UNIVERSE OR FROM THE UNIVERSE HAVING
SAME VARIANCES.
(B) IF F > F.05, THE NULL HYPOTHESIS WILL BE REJECTED AND VARIANCE RATIO WILL BE
CONSIDERED SIGNIFICANT.
 Nonparametric tests
 Nonparametric tests assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. These tests are based on
fewer assumptions about probability distributions. Due to fewer assumptions. The nonparametric tests are
generally less powerful than their parametric counterparts. This means when the alternative hypothesis is true,
nonparametric tests may be less likely to reject null hypothesis. Some of the commonly used nonparametric tests
is Chi Square Test.
 The nonparametric tests for one sample also involve study of a single variable. Similar to parametric test for one
sample, nonparametric test for one sample is also often used in research when the objective is to study a specific
aspect of a single element. In nonparametric tests, the hypotheses are more general and not about population
parameters, e.g., μ = 40 or μ1 = μ2. The nonparametric tests that can be used for single sample are Chi-Square.

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 Chi-square test
 For applying Chi-square test, data can be ordinal or categorical. The objective is to compare the distribution of
responses, or the proportions of participants in each response category, to a known distribution. The observed
frequencies in each response category are compared to the frequencies that would be expected if the null
hypothesis was true.
 In one sample tests, the sample size (k) and the proportions of participants in each response category (1, 2, …, n)
where n represents the number of response categories are calculated. Then, the test statistic is calculate using the
formula:

 Oi = Observed frequency of each of response categories

 Ei = Expected frequency in each of the response categories if null hypothesis was true.
 We find the critical value in a table of probabilities for the chi-square distribution with degree of freedom df = N –
1.

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 Chi-square test for independent
sample
 When there are two or more independent comparison sample groups and the objective is to compare
the distribution of responses to the discrete outcome variable among the groups, the chi-square test can
be used. Here, the null hypothesis is generally that the distribution of the outcome is independent of
the groups. The formula for calculating the test statistics remains the same as that for the chi-square
test for one sample. The condition to use the formula is that expected frequency should be greater than
equal to 5. The degree of freedom is calculated as df = (r - 1) (n – 1) where r is the number of sample
groups and n is the number of data categories.

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 Report Writing Process
• The report writing process begins after the data analysis and interpretation is complete and the researcher has
arrived at the findings. A report is constructed based on the entire research process including the problem
definition, approach, research design, field work and the results of data analysis and interpretation.
• After the researcher arrives at the conclusions and recommendations from the research, the next step of
determining the report format begins. The data representation formats are determined to present the data in
simple and comprehensive ways.
• At the same time, requirement of written and oral presentation is also determined. The written report is drafted.
The written report can be either technical or a management report. A technical report is written for researchers or
scientific community.
• These reports aim at providing knowledge to the researchers. The readers are interested in each and every detail of
the entire research process. Besides the final findings, they want to understand every element of research
hypothesis, methodology and analysis as well. Management reports, on the other hand, are written for managerial
audience. They use the report in their decision making process and typically do not have much time at hand to go
through every detail of the entire research. Such Management reports, therefore focus on critical findings and
recommendation.
 Report Writing Process
Data analysis and interpretation

Develop conclusion and

recommendation

Determine report Formant

1. Determine data representation formats 2. Determine reporting and presentation format

Report Preparation

Report oral presentation

Feedback and Revision

 Good research report should have the following essentials:

• Consider the Readers: A researcher should consider the readers of report. We should make research report clear
and use only words familiar to the intended readers. For the help of the readers, a researchers should use
graphic aid for presentation of data. He may put exact data in a within the text of in the appendix.
• Address the information Needs: A research report should address the information needs of the decision makers,
because the fundamentals purpose of the reports is to communicate information to decision makers. A
researchers should ensure the research findings fulfil the objectives of the management
• Be concise :A report should be concise as well as complete in all the respects. A researchers should include all
the details of the research in the report which are in accordance with the requirements of the sponsor.
• Objectivity: A research should present the research findings should be objective i.e supported by the facts and
figures.
Format Of Research Report
• The Preamble
• The summary of findings and conclusions
• Main body
• The appearance

The preamble

• It represents the basics introductory information about the research project. It consists of four parts:
• Letter of Transmission: Letter of Transmission indicates to whom the reports is directed. It specifies the reasons of doing
research work
• Title page: The title page is a single sheet of paper containing following information:
• The title of the research report.
• The name of the company/government division which sponsored the research
• The Date of the report’s presentation.
Summary of findings and conclusion
• In this section the main findings of the research investigation are presented and broader conclusion are drawn
there from. Based on these conclusions, the researcher might endeavour at making some suggestions accordingly.
• The summary of findings should not take up more than two or three pages, with no more than one or two summary
tables. As far possible the researchers should give graphics presentation of tables.

Main body of the report

• It must accurately covers all the facts of the study. From this inception right through the framing of conclusion and
their rational. It should clearly explain the method analysis used. These section of report must contain the following:
• information necessary for decision. Makers to draw there own conclusions from the research findings, irrelevant or
unreliable data should be omitted. The main body of the report should have four section:
• Research Methodology
• Abstract
• Market Background Information
• Nature of the Market
• Conclusions and Recommendations
RESEARCH PAPER ANALYSIS
ON ‘The Effect of HRM Practices
& Employees’ Job Satisfaction on
Employee Performance ’

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 TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
‘The Effect of HRM Practices & Employees’ Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance’

OBJECTIVES RESEARCH PROBLEM

The goal of this paper is Saudi Ports, one of the busiest

to investigate whether
HRM practices offer
direct impact on the
employee performance.
seaports in the world and the biggest
seaport in Middle East, was facing
challenges from different ports who can
release their cargoes and goods in a
short time without any congestion of
stock. This paper investigated the root
of this problem based on human
resource practices.

38
 Hypothesis
• There is a positive relation between Human Resource Practices and Employees’ performance. HRM practices
can directly influence the organization's performance by improving employees' skills and quality (planning,
selection, recruitment, and training), whereas it can indirectly do so by increasing employee motivation (job
evaluation and compensation).
• There is positive relation between Human Resource Practices and Job Satisfaction. This is because HR practice
increases the workplace trust, commitment, engagement, performance, therefore organization will gain their
goals.
• There is a positive relation between job satisfaction and employees’ performance. This is because High job
satisfaction is also linked to performance, which in turn is linked to higher profits. Those employees who feel
happy and content in their roles are much more likely to approach the tasks that they need to carry out with
enthusiasm and dedication.
• Job satisfaction plays as mediator between Human Resource Practice and Employees’ performance. This is
because job satisfaction has a positive impact on employees’ behavior that offers a positive contribution on
employees’ performance through its mediator role. Also the organization offers varieties of practices of the
human resource such as reward, training and development etc. Thus HR practices are a facet of job
satisfaction, that leads the employees to increase their performance.
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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 The data from Primary sources were collected and analyzed.

 The primary data was collected from the cargo employees in Saudi ports (under the Saudi Government, 2019) using
a structured questionnaire by means of personal interview only from the interested employees.

 The information was collected only from a small sample and it is confined to only nine targeted ports of the place.

 Simple random sampling method is used to collect data and the size of the sample is 367 (data based on finite
population).
 The questions are constructed with 5 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree).

 The language preferred of the population was Arabic, the questionnaire was translated to Arabic to use back-
translation method.

 The information collected from the respondents is analysed with the help of different Statistical tools to find the overall
perception of the employees towards job satisfaction.
 Result or Findings of Research
 The findings of the study have revealed a positive relationship between HRM practices and
employee performance. Hence H1 is accepted.
 Secondly, present study has found the insignificant relationship between HRM practice and
employee job satisfaction. Hence, H2 is rejected.
 Moreover, the current study has found a positive significant relationship between job
satisfaction and employee performance. Hence, H3 has been accepted.
 In terms of mediating role of employee job satisfaction, the finding have revealed no
mediating role between HRM practice and employee performance, hence H4 was rejected as
well.
 Thus, need of employee have to be fulfilled in order to reach good performance level.

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Implication of the findings
 revealed a positive relationship between HRM practices and employee performance, hence
hypothesis 1 is accepted.
 Next, the present study has found the insignificant relationship between HRM practices and
employee job satisfaction ,hence hypothesis 2 is rejected.
 examined the role of human resource practices on employee’s performance and satisfaction.
 Next, the current study has found a positive significant relationship between employee job
satisfaction and employee performance , thus hypothesis 3 is accepted.
 The findings have revealed no mediating role between HRM practices and employee performance ,
hence hypothesis 4 is rejected as well.

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 Limitations Of The Research Paper
 The limitations to this study relate to the sample selection, survey question selection, and classification of intrinsic
and extrinsic factors like influence of religion. However, the limitations of the survey questions and their
classification are relatively minor limitations. These limitations are noted and point to some recommendations for
future studies :
1. This study surveyed employees of cargo. It may be useful to conduct a study on employees working in lower
management and higher management to compare these findings on the factors affecting job satisfaction based
on the administrative level.
2. There is also research potential for a comparative study like the materials used for reference were old and
needs to be updated .

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 GROUP 9
Jyoti Sen
Shivani 10708

Palak 10606

10611
Tulsi jain
10612
Prabhu Kant
Gagan 10713
Aggarwal
10615
Rinchen Dolma
10686
Kumar
10707
Shubham kumar Salvi
10712
Salvia Sarkar
10710

44
THANK
YOU!

45