Name : Hylda Baktiar Octaviana

SIN : 175040101111051

Class :E

NB :Number 1-4 by Hylda Baktiar Octaviana

Number 5-8 by Debora Ayu Devi

1. Describe the four types of scales!

1) Nominal Scale
Nominal scale is a scale used to grouping individuals or objects into a category to
get basic information.
For example: Respondents can be grouped into two categories, male and female.
Both of these categories can be coded 1 and 2 which function as labels. The
information that can be generated from nominal scaling is the calculation of the
percentage of men and women in the sample of respondents of a study.
2) Scale of Ordinal
Ordinal Scale is a scale used to sort the order of categories in several meaningful
ways.
The ordinal scale does not give an indication of the magnitude of the difference
between strengths.
For example: job characteristics, first rank job characteristics may only be slightly
preferred over second rank characteristics, while characteristics ranked third may
be preferred at a much greater level than the fourth rank.
3) Interval Scale
On the interval scale the distance is numerically the same on the scale
representing the same value in the measured characteristic. While the nominal
scale allows us only to qualitatively differentiate groups by categorizing them into
complete sets.
Example: This clinical thermometer has an arbitrary origin and the magnitude of
the difference between 98.6 degrees (should be normal body temperature) and
99.6 degrees is equal to the magnitude of the difference between 104 and 105
degrees. One might not worry too much if someone's temperature rises from 98.6
to 99.6, but it will most likely be the case when the temperature rises from 104 to
105 degrees! The size of the spread is range, standard deviation, and variance.
4) Ratio Scale
The ratio scale overcomes the loss of origin at any interval scale, because it has an
absolute zero (different from arbitrary).
Example: The Weighing Scale has an absolute (and not arbitrary) zero origin
calibrated on it, which allows us to calculate the weight ratio of two individuals.
For example, a person weighing 250 pounds is twice as heavy as someone who
 weighs 125 pounds. Note that multiplying or dividing these two numbers (250 and
125) with the given numbers will maintain a 2: 1 ratio. The measure of the central
tendency of the ratio scale can be arithmetic or geometric averages and their size.
2. How is the interval scale more sophisticated than the nominal and ordinal scales?
 On the interval scale, the same numeric distance on the scale represents the
same value in the measured characteristic.
 While nominal scales allow us only to distinguish groups qualitatively by
grouping them into complementary sets,
 Ordinal scales for preference sequences, interval scales allow us to compare
differences between objects.
3. Why is the ratio scale connected to be the most powerful of the four scales?
- The ratio scale has an absolute zero (different from arbitrary), which is a
meaningful measurement point
- The ratio scale summarizes all the properties of the other three scales.
- The measure of the central tendency of the ratio scale can be arithmetic or
geometric averages and measures of dispersion
4. Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and ranking scales and
indicate when the two are used!
 In rating scales each object is scaled independently of the other objects under
study. The following rating scales are often used in business research:
dichotomous scale, category scale, semantic differential scale, numerical scale,
itemized rating scale, Likert scale, fixed or constant sum rating scale, Stapel scale,
graphic rating scale, and consensus scale.
The Likert scale or some form of numerical scale is the one most frequently used
to measure attitudes and behaviors in business research.
 Ranking scales are used to tap preferences between two or among more objects or
items. The paired comparison scale is used when, among a small number of
objects, respondents are asked to choose between two objects at a time.
The forced choice enables respondents to rank objects relative to one another,
among the alternatives provided. The comparative scale provides a benchmark or
a point of reference to assess attitudes toward the current object, event, or
situation under study.
5. Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this done?
It is important to ensure the accuracy of the instruments in results and it helps us to be
reasonably sure that the instruments we use in our research do indeed measure the
variables they supposed to, and that they measure them accurately. We can ensure that
the measures developed are reasnoably good by doing some steps. First, an item
analysis of the responses to the questions tapping the variable is carried out, and then
the reliability and validity of the measures are established.
 Item analysis is carried out to see if the instrument belong there or not. Each item
is examined for its ability to discrimanate between those subjects whose total
scores are high a and those with low scores (t-value)
 Validity is a test of how consistenly a measuring instrument measures whatever
concept it is measuing. There are several types of validity to test the goodness of
 measures for example : content validity, face validity, criterion – related validity,
concurrent validity, etc
 Reliability is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures
whatever concept it is measuring. The reliability of a measure indicates the extent
to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measurement
across time and the various items in the instrument.

6. Describe the difference between formative and reflective scales!

in a reflective scale, the items (all) are expected to correlate. Unlike the items used in a
formative scale, each item in a reflective scale is assumed to share a common basis
(the underlying construct of interest). A formative scale is a scale that contains items
that are not necessarily related
7. Explain why it does not make sense to assess the internal consistency of a formative
scale!
the internal consistency of measures is indicate of the homogenetty of the items in the
measure that taps the constract.this can be seen by examining wether the items and the
subsets of items in the measuring instrument are correlated highly. In other hand, we
do not expect all the items in a formative scale to be homogeneous (we do not expect
all the items to correlate)
8. The job involvement measure described in the appendix is reflective in nature.
Comment on this statement!
the statement shows that all the items in the measurements are expected to
correlate.one to other item are corelated and thats true. All of them are in the same
dimension (ex: decision making in working environment) and they are related for
example in the measures form amnagement research is about the job involvement
which measures the preferences of someone about having a job.