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Pemadatan Tanah 2
Topik yang Dibahas
Pe n d a h u l u a n d a n D efi n i s i
Te o r i / P r i n s i p Pe m a d a t a n Ta n a h
Fa k t o r- Fa k t o r ya n g M e m p e n ga r u h i Pe m a d a t a n Ta n a h
Pe m a d a t a n S t a n d a rd P ro c t o r
Pe m a d a t a n M o d i fi e d P r o c t o r
Pe r i l a ku Ta n a h L e m p u n g ya n g D i p a d a t ka n
Pe m a d a t a n Ta n a h d i L a b o ra t o r i u m
Uji CBR
Ko nt ro l Pe m a d a t a n Ta n a h d i L a p a n ga n
Pe m a d a t a n Ta n a h I n - S i t u
Pemadatan Tanah 3
Soil Compaction
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which a stress
applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores
between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due
to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains then
consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. Normally, compaction is the
result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it can also occur due to the
passage of (e.g.) animal feet.
Compaction is the process by which the strength and stiffness of soil may be
increased and permeability may be decreased. Fill placement work often has
specifications requiring a specific degree of compaction, or alternatively,
specific properties of the compacted soil. In-situ soils can be compacted either
by excavation and recompaction, or by methods such as
deep dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, or compaction grouting.
Pemadatan Tanah 4
Tujuan
Merubah sifat-sifat teknis tanah menjadi lebih baik:
strength, compressibility, volume stability (shrink-swell
potential), hydraulic conductivity, and erodibility.
Mengurangi hydraulic
Menaikkan daya tahan terhadap erosi
compressibiliy/permeabilitas
Pemadatan Tanah 6
General Principles
Pemadatan Tanah 7
General Principles
Pemadatan Tanah 8
General Principles
Pemadatan Tanah 9
General Principles
Pemadatan Tanah 10
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
Soil Type
Compaction Moisture
and
Effort Content
Gradation
Pemadatan Tanah 11
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
Pemadatan Tanah 12
Pemadatan Tanah di Laboratorium
(Proctor Test: Standard dan Modified)
Referensi Alat
Prosedur
Tujuan Pengujian Data dan
Materi dan
Bahan Perhitungan
Pemadatan Tanah 13
Tujuan Proctor Test
Pemadatan Tanah 14
Standard Proctor Test
Pemadatan Tanah 15
Modified Proctor Test
Pemadatan Tanah 16
Spesifikasi Peralatan Standard dan
Modified Proctor Test
Standard Modified
Proctor Test Proctor Test
(ASTM D698) (ASTM D1557)
Proctor
Berat Hammer 24.5 N (5.5 lb) 44.5 N (10 lb) Modifikas
i
Tinggi Jatuh 305 mm (12 in) 457 mm (18 in)
Hammer
Proctor
Jumlah Layer 3 5 Standa
r
Jumlah 25 25
Pukulan/Lapis
Volume Mold 942.2 cm3 942.2 cm3
(1/30 ft3) (1/30 ft3)
Energi Kompaksi 595 kJ/m3 2698 kJ/m3 (56250
(CE) (12400) lb.ft/ft3)
Tanah (-) Saringan No.4
Procedure Proctor Test
Prosedur tes mengacu pada standar ASTM D698 untuk tes Proctor Standar dan ASTM D
1557 untuk tes Proctor Modifikasi.
Sampel
Tanah
1 2
Mold 4 Mold 5
(w4) (w5)
7
Berat Jenis
Kering
(gd) Berat Jenis Kering Zero air voids
Maksimum (saturation = 100%)
Proctor 6
Modifikasi
Proctor
Standa
r
Pemadatan Tanah 20
Teori Kompaksi
Gs. w
d
1 ( w.Gs / Sr)
Gs. w
d (1 Av )
1 w.Gs
Gs w
dry
Pemadatan Tanah Gs w 1 21
Contoh Pemadatan Tanah
Example data collected during test
In a typical compaction test the following data might have been collected:
Mass of mould, Mo = 1082 g
Volume of mould, V = 950 ml
Specific gravity of soil grains, Gs = 2.70
Mass of mould + soil (g) 2833 2979 3080 3092 3064 3027
Pemadatan Tanah 22
Contoh Pemadatan Tanah
Pemadatan Tanah 23
Contoh Pemadatan Tanah
Water content (%) 10 12 14 16 18 20
rd when Av = 0% 2.13 2.04 1.96 1.89 1.82 1.75
rd when Av = 5% 2.02 1.94 1.86 1.79 1.73 1.67
rd when Av = 10% 1.91 1.84 1.76 1.70 1.64 1.58
Pemadatan Tanah 24
California Bearing Ratio
“Perbandingan antara beban penetrasi suatu bahan
terhadap bahan standar dengan kedalaman dan
kecepatan penetrasi yang sama,”
CBR =
Deflection Dial
0.1 inci 1000 psi
Piston
0.2 inci 1500 psi
Sample
(a) (b)
Tes CBR (a). Silinder dan Dial Gauge ; (b). Skema Diagram
• Prosedur tes mengacu pada standar ASTM D-1883
Sampel
Tanah
1 2
Mold 4 Mold 5
(w4) (w5)
7
Berat Jenis Kering
(gd)
Zero air voids
Berat Jenis Kering (saturation = 100%)
Maksimum
Proctor 6
Modifikasi
Proctor
Standar
5 lapis
g d1 g
d2 g
d3
Kedalaman Penetrasi Unit Load
CBR Disain
0.1 inci 1000 psi
gd
(gd) max Load
95% (gd) max 56 x
25 x
Kadar Air 10 x
Optimum
W(%)
Sampel dipadatkan pada
kadar air optimum
Penetrasi
95% (gd) max 0.1 inci
gd
56 x
25 x
10 x
CBR disain
CBR (%)
Standar Perkerasan
Pemadatan Tanah 32
Pemadatan Tanah di Lapangan
Pemadatan Tanah 33
Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process.
It is used for support of structural entities such as
building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth
retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type
certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to
perform adequately for a particular circumstance. In
general, the preselected soil should have adequate
strength, be relatively incompressible so that future
settlement is not significant, be stable against volume
change as water content or other factors vary, be durable
and safe against deterioration, and possess proper
permeability.[2]
Pemadatan Tanah 34
When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in layers
called lifts. The ability of the first fill layers to be properly compacted
will depend on the condition of the natural material being covered.
If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may compress
over a long period under the weight of the earth fill, causing
settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by the fill.
[3]
In order to determine if the natural soil will support the first fill
layers, an area can be proofrolled. Proofrolling consists of utilizing a
piece heavy construction equipment (typically, heavy compaction
equipment or hauling equipment) to roll across the fill site and
watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas will be
indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground
weaving.[4]
Pemadatan Tanah 35
The soil type - that is, grain-size distributions, shape of
the soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and
amount and type of clay minerals present - has a great
influence on the maximum dry unit weight and
optimum moisture content.[5] It also has a great
influence on how the materials should be compacted
in given situations. Compaction is accomplished by use
of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the
equipment usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of
the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts
and clays, a sheepsfoot roller is frequently used, to
create small zones of intense shearing, which drives air
out of the soil.
Pemadatan Tanah 36
To ensure adequate soil compaction is achieved, project
specifications will indicate the required soil density or
degree of compaction that must be achieved. These
specifications are generally recommended by a
geotechnical engineer in a geotechnical engineering
report.
Determination of adequate compaction is done by determining
the in-situ density of the soil and comparing it to the maximum
density determined by a laboratory test. The most commonly
used laboratory test is called the Proctor compaction test and
there are two different methods in obtaining the maximum
density. They are the standard Proctor and modified Proctor
tests; the modified Proctor is more commonly used. For small
dams, the standard Proctor may still be the reference.[4]
Pemadatan Tanah 37
Pemadatan Tanah 38
Pemadatan Tanah 39
Pemadatan Tanah 40
Pemadatan Tanah 41
Pemadatan Tanah 42
Pemadatan Tanah 43
Pemadatan Tanah 44
Kontrol hasil pemadatan tanah lapangan
Pemadatan Tanah 45
In-Situ Test: Sand Cone Test
The Sand Cone Apparatus is used to
determine the in-place density of any
soil that can be excavated to a stable
condition with hand tools. This method
is generally limited to materials with a
maximum particle size of 2 in (5.1 cm).
The Sand Cone Density Apparatus
consists of a one gallon plastic
container and a 6 ½ in (16.5 cm)
detachable metal cone with valve. The
cone assembly is corrosion resistant.
Pemadatan Tanah 46
Sand Cone Test
The Density Base Plate provides a stable base
for the Sand Cone. A center flanged 6 ½ in
(16.5 cm) diameter hole receives the standard
Sand Cone Funnel (S-120).
Pemadatan Tanah 47
Sand Cone Test
Pemadatan Tanah 48
Pemadatan Tanah 49
• Berat isi kering max = 1.475
gm/cc
• Kadar air optimum 27%
Pemadatan Tanah 50
• Lakukan uji pemadatan untuk
mendapatkan wopt dan γd max
• Siapkan bbrp contoh yg
dipadatkan dengan kadar air yang
berbeda dari optimum
(perbedaan 2-3%)
• Dipadatkan dengan energi yang
berbeda, 56, 25, dan 10
tumbukan perlapis. Hasilnya dlm
bentuk grafik γd dan CBR vs w
Pemadatan Tanah 51
• Syarat 95% berat isi
kering lab max
• Kalau kontrol
pemadatan sangat baik
diambil batas kadar air
25-29% (optimum +-
2%). Akan diperoleh
nilai CBR terendah 11%
• Kalau w pada saat
pemadatan 23-31%
(optimum +- 4%). Akan
diperoleh CBR 8%
Pemadatan Tanah 52
Pemadatan Tanah 53