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BMH 15-12-2014 1
Topik yang Dibahas
Pendahuluan dan Definisi
Te o r i / P r i n s i p P e m a d a t a n Ta n a h
F a k t o r- F a k t o r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i P e m a d a t a n Ta n a h
P e m a d a t a n S t a n d a r d P ro c t o r
P e m a d a t a n M o d i f i e d P ro c t o r
P e r i l a k u Ta n a h L e m p u n g y a n g D i p a d a t k a n
P e m a d a t a n Ta n a h d i L a b o r a t o r i u m
Uji CBR
K o n t ro l P e m a d a t a n Ta n a h d i L a p a n g a n
P e m a d a t a n Ta n a h I n - S i t u
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Soil Compaction
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which a stress
applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores
between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due
to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains then
consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. Normally, compaction is the
result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it can also occur due to
the passage of (e.g.) animal feet.
Compaction is the process by which the strength and stiffness of soil may be
increased and permeability may be decreased. Fill placement work often has
specifications requiring a specific degree of compaction, or alternatively,
specific properties of the compacted soil. In-situ soils can be compacted
either by excavation and recompaction, or by methods such as
deep dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, or compaction grouting.
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Tujuan
Merubah sifat-sifat teknis tanah menjadi lebih baik:
strength, compressibility, volume stability (shrink-swell
potential), hydraulic conductivity, and erodibility.
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General Principles
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General Principles
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General Principles
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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
Soil Type
Compactio Moisture
and
n Effort Content
Gradation
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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
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Pemadatan di Laboratorium
Standard
Proctor
Test
Modified
Proctor
Test
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Spesifikasi Peralatan Tes Proctor Standar
dan Modifikasi
Tes Proctor Tes Proctor
Standar Modifikasi
(ASTM D698) (ASTM D1557) Proctor
Berat Hammer 24.5 N (5.5 lb) 44.5 N (10 lb) Modifika
si
Tinggi Jatuh 305 mm (12 in) 457 mm (18 in)
Hammer Procto
Jumlah Layer 3 5 r
Standa
Jumlah 25 25 r
Pukulan/Lapis
Volume Mold 942.2 cm3 942.2 cm3
(1/30 ft3) (1/30 ft3)
Energi 595 kJ/m3 2698 kJ/m3
Kompaksi (CE) (12400) (56250 lb.ft/ft3)
Tanah (-) Saringan No.4
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Tes Proctor Standar
Prosedur tes mengacu pada standar ASTM D698 untuk tes Proctor Standar dan ASTM
D 1557 untuk tes Proctor Modifikasi.
Sampel
Tanah
1 2
Mold 4 Mold 5
(w4) (w5)
7
Berat Jenis
Kering
(gd) Berat Jenis Kering Zero air voids
Maksimum (saturation = 100%)
Proctor 6
Modifikasi
Proctor
Standa
r
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Tes Proctor Standar
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Tes Proctor
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Tes Proctor Modifikasi
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Tes Proctor
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Teori Kompaksi
Gs. w Gs. w
d d (1 Av )
1 ( w.Gs / Sr) 1 w.Gs
Gs w
dry
Gs w 1
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Teori Pemadatan Tanah
Example data collected during test
In a typical compaction test the following data might have been collected:
Mass of mould, Mo = 1082 g
Volume of mould, V = 950 ml
Specific gravity of soil grains, Gs = 2.70
Mass of mould + soil (g) 2833 2979 3080 3092 3064 3027
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Teori Pemadatan Tanah
Water content (%) 10 12 14 16 18 20
rd when Av = 0% 2.13 2.04 1.96 1.89 1.82 1.75
rd when Av = 5% 2.02 1.94 1.86 1.79 1.73 1.67
rd when Av = 10% 1.91 1.84 1.76 1.70 1.64 1.58
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Prilaku Tanah Lempung yang Dipadatkan
Struktur tanah
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Pemadatan Tanah di Laboratorium
Referensi Alat
Prosedur
Tujuan Pengujian Data dan
Materi dan
Bahan Perhitungan
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Tujuan Pemeriksaan
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Alat dan Bahan
Cetakan
Materi: Logam
Diameter: 152 mm
Tinggi: 116.43 ± 0,1270 mm
Oven Dilengkapi leher sambung
dengan bahan yang sama
Pisau
Kapasitas: 11.5 kg
Timbangan Ketelitian: 5 gram
Extruder
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Prosedur Pengujian
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Prosedur Pengujian
Pemasangan Cetakan
Urutan Penumbukan
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Data
No. Proses Data yang Diambil Simbol Satuan Jumlah Keterangan
Berat Mold W1 kg 5
Uji
1
Kompaksi
Berat Mold + Tanah W2 kg 5
Diperoleh 15 data
Berat Cawan W3 g 15
karena untuk masing-
Penentuan masing sampel, diuji
2 Berat Cawan + Tanah Basah W4 g 15
Kadar Air kadar air di lapisan
atas, bawah, dan
Berat Cawan + Tanah Kering W5 g 15
tengah pada mold
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California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Kedalaman Penetrasi Unit Load
Deflection Dial
0.1 inci 1000 psi
Piston
0.2 inci 1500 psi
Sample
(a) (b)
Tes CBR (a). Silinder dan Dial Gauge ; (b). Skema Diagram
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• Prosedur tes mengacu pada standar ASTM D-1883
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Sinar
Matahari
Sampel
Tanah
1 2
Mold 4 Mold 5
(w4) (w5)
7
Berat Jenis Kering
(gd)
Zero air voids
Berat Jenis Kering (saturation = 100%)
Maksimum
Proctor 6
Modifikasi
Proctor
Standar
5 lapis
g d1 g
d2 g
d3
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Kedalaman Penetrasi Unit Load
CBR Disain
0.1 inci 1000 psi
gd
(gd) max Load
95% (gd) max 56 x
25 x
Kadar Air 10 x
Optimum
W(%)
Sampel dipadatkan pada
kadar air optimum
Penetrasi
95% (gd) max 0.1 inci
gd
56 x
25 x
10 x
CBR disain
CBR (%)
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Standar Perkerasan
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California Bearing Ratio
“Perbandingan antara beban penetrasi suatu bahan
terhadap bahan standar dengan kedalaman dan
kecepatan penetrasi yang sama,”
CBR =
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Uji CBR
Digunakan nilai
95% karena
pemadatan tidak
mungkin bisa
menghasilkan nilai
100% γ-dry
maximum
Nilai 95% digunakan untuk pemadatan tanah sampel dengan hammer sebanyak 56
kali. Untuk memperoleh nilai γ-dry mendekati 100% maka pemadatan tanah sampel
minimal sebanyak 75 kali. Selain itu nilai 95% juga digunakan sebagai safety factor dari
kadar air optimum sebanyak +-2% (kadar air tidak mungkin berada eksak pada nilai
optimum)
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Uji CBR
Ambil 3 buah sampel tanah masing-masing 5 kg (tanah sama dengan yang dipakai untuk kompaksi)
Campur setiap sampel tanah dengan air (banyaknya air ditentukan dari percobaan kompaksi)
Sampel dimasukkan ke dalam mold dalam 5 lapis, kemudian ditumbuk (sampel 1 : 10x tumbukan, sampel 2 :
25x, sampel 3 : 56x). Tanah di dalan mold diratakan dengan pisau
Mold berisi tanah diletakkan terbalik pada alat penetrasi. Lakukan penetrasi, catat pembacaan dial di tiap
waktu yang ditentukan
Ambil sedikit sampel tanah dari bagian atas, tengah, dan bawah, periksa kadar airnya
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Timbang berat mold kosong
Pemadatan Tanah di Lapangan
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Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process.
It is used for support of structural entities such as building
foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining
structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain
properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform
adequately for a particular circumstance. In general, the
preselected soil should have adequate strength, be
relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not
significant, be stable against volume change as water
content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against
deterioration, and possess proper permeability.[2]
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When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in
layers called lifts. The ability of the first fill layers to be properly
compacted will depend on the condition of the natural material being
covered. If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may
compress over a long period under the weight of the earth fill,
causing settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by
the fill.[3] In order to determine if the natural soil will support the first
fill layers, an area can be proofrolled. Proofrolling consists of
utilizing a piece heavy construction equipment (typically, heavy
compaction equipment or hauling equipment) to roll across the fill
site and watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas will be
indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground
weaving.[4]
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The soil type - that is, grain-size distributions, shape of
the soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and
amount and type of clay minerals present - has a great
influence on the maximum dry unit weight and
optimum moisture content.[5] It also has a great
influence on how the materials should be compacted in
given situations. Compaction is accomplished by use of
heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the
equipment usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of
the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts
and clays, a sheepsfoot roller is frequently used, to
create small zones of intense shearing, which drives
air out of the soil.
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To ensure adequate soil compaction is achieved, project
specifications will indicate the required soil density or
degree of compaction that must be achieved. These
specifications are generally recommended by a
geotechnical engineer in a geotechnical engineering
report.
Determination of adequate compaction is done by determining the
in-situ density of the soil and comparing it to the maximum
density determined by a laboratory test. The most commonly used
laboratory test is called the Proctor compaction test and there are
two different methods in obtaining the maximum density. They are
the standard Proctor and modified Proctor tests; the modified
Proctor is more commonly used. For small dams, the standard
Proctor may still be the reference.[4]
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Alat Berat
Smooth
Pneumatic
Wheeled Steel
Drum Rollers Tyred Rollers
Sheepsfoo Impact
t Rollers Rollers
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Teknik Memadatkan
Static
Impact
• The stress is applied by dropping a large mass onto the surface of the soil.
Vibrating
• A stress is applied repeatedly and rapidly via a mechanically driven plate or hammer. Often combined with rolling compaction (see
below).
Rolling
• A heavy cylinder is rolled over the surface of the soil. Commonly used on sports pitches. Roller-compactors are often fitted with vibratory
devices to enhance their ability. BMH 15-12-2014 53
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n-Situ Test: Sand Cone Test
The Sand Cone Apparatus is used to
determine the in-place density of any
soil that can be excavated to a stable
condition with hand tools. This method
is generally limited to materials with a
maximum particle size of 2 in (5.1 cm).
The Sand Cone Density Apparatus
consists of a one gallon plastic
container and a 6 ½ in (16.5 cm)
detachable metal cone with valve. The
cone assembly is corrosion resistant.
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Sand Cone Test
The Density Base Plate provides a stable
base for the Sand Cone. A center flanged 6 ½
in (16.5 cm) diameter hole receives the
standard Sand Cone Funnel (S-120).
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Sand Cone Test
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