Computer

Computer
Architecture Architecture I
I
Computer
Design Basics
DR. Abduljalil Radman
Taiz University
2020
 Computer Design Basics
 The separation of a design into a datapath that implements
microoperations and a control unit that determines the
sequence of microoperations was introduced in previous
parts.
 In this part, we continue by defining a generic computer
datapath that implements register transfer microoperations
and serves as a framework for the design of detailed
processing logic.
 The concept of a control word provides a tie between the
datapath and the control unit associated with it.
 Generic Datapath
 Instead of having each individual register perform its microoperations directly, computer
systems often employ a number of storage registers in conjunction with a shared
operation unit called an arithmetic/logic unit, abbreviated ALU.
 To perform a microoperation, the contents of specified source registers are applied to the
inputs of the shared ALU.
 The ALU performs an operation, and the result of this operation is transferred to a
destination register.
 With the ALU as a combinational circuit, the entire register transfer operation from the
source registers, through the ALU, and into the destination register is performed during
one clock cycle.
 The shift operations are often performed in a separate unit, but sometimes these
operations are also implemented within the ALU.
 Recall that the combination of a set of registers with a shared ALU and interconnecting
paths is the datapath for the system.
 Generic Datapath
 The datapath and the control unit are the two parts of the
processor, or CPU, of a computer.
 In addition to the registers, the datapath contains the digital
logic that implements the various microoperations.
 When a large number of registers is included in a datapath,
the registers are most conveniently connected through one or
more buses.
 Registers in a datapath interact by the direct transfer of data,
as well as in the performance of the various types of
microoperations.
 The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
 The ALU is a combinational circuit that performs a set of basic
arithmetic and logic microoperations.
 It has a number of selection lines used to determine the operation to
be performed.
 The selection lines are decoded within the ALU, so that k selection
lines can specify up to distinct operations.
 Figure shows the symbol for a typical n- bit ALU.
 The n data inputs from A are combined with the n data inputs from B
to generate the result of an operation at the G outputs. The mode-
select input S2 distinguishes between arithmetic and logic operations.
 Symbol for an n-Bit ALU
ALU
Design:
1- Design the
arithmetic
section.
2- Design the
logic section.
3- Combine
the two
sections
to form the
ALU.
 Arithmetic Circuit
 The basic component of an arithmetic circuit is a parallel
adder, which is constructed with a number of full-adder
circuits connected in cascade: (Block Diagram of an Arithmetic Circuit)
Arithmetic Circuit
B Input Logic for One Stage of
Arithmetic Circuit
Logic Diagram of a 4-Bit
Arithmetic Circuit
 Logic Circuit
 The logic microoperations manipulate the bits of the
operands by treating each bit in a register as a binary
variable, giving bitwise operations.
 There are four commonly used logic operations— AND, OR,
XOR (exclusive-OR), and NOT— from which others can be
conveniently derived.
One Stage of Logic Circuit
 Arithmetic/Logic Unit
 The logic circuit can be combined with the arithmetic circuit to
produce an ALU.
Design a 4-bit ALU that performs the following operations: draw the
logic diagram for the LSB stage?

S2 S1 S0 Operation
0 0 0 0 G= A-1
0 0 0 1 G= A
0 0 1 0 G= A+
0 0 1 1 G= A-B
0 1 0 0 G=A+B
0 1 0 1 G= A+B+1
0 1 1 0 G= A
0 1 1 1 G= A+
1 0 0 X G= B˅
1 0 1 X G= B˄A
1 1 0 X G=A⊕B
1 1 1 X G=
Design a 4-bit ALU and shifter that performs the following
operations:

A+B
A+B+1

+1
sl A
A˅B
sr A
A˄B

Give the result of your design as the logic diagram for a single stage?