GROUP 2 Cry The Beloved Country

2GED-LIT02
Contemporary Literature
A Literary Analysis of
Cry, the Beloved

Country
Topic Presenter: Group 2
PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The Country’s National Center for Teacher Education by Virtue of R.A 9647
Nurturing Innovative Teachers
2GED-LIT02
Author’s
Background
Presenter: Janine C. Silvano

Cry, the Beloved Country: Author’s Background
Alan Stewart Paton

 Born on January 11, 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South
Africa- (died on April 12, 1988 near Durban Nata)
 He studied at the University of Natal and then taught
school from 1925 to 1935 in Ixopo High School for White
students
 In 1935 he left his teaching position and move to Diepkloof
Reformatory as an appointed principal
 He fell in love with Dorrie Francis Lusted, a married
woman. But when Lusted’s husband died, they married and
moved to Pietermaritzburg, where he continued teaching.

Cry, the Beloved Country: Author’s Background
His works
 Cry, the Beloved Country
 Too Late the Phalarope
 Ah, But your Land is Beautiful
 Tales from a Troubled Land
 Towards the Mountain
 Save the Beloved Country

2GED-LIT02
Character WebPresenter: Eliza Jane Beduya

2GED-LIT02
Character
Analysis
Presenter: Joyce Bilo and Eliza Jane Beduya

Cry, the Beloved Country: Character Analysis
• Stephen Kumalo is the protagonist and moral compass of Cry,
the Beloved Country.
• He is a quiet, humble man, with a strong faith in God and a clear
sense of right and wrong. An Anglican priest, Kumalo cares for
his parishioners and presides over the modest church of the
village he calls home. By village standards, Kumalo and his wife
are middle-class, living in a house with several rooms. They
struggle, however, to save money for their son’s schooling and
Stephen
for a new stove.
Kumalo
• Kumalo is not flawless, and he occasionally erupts in anger and

tells lies. Praying to God, however, saves him from temptation,
and he always repents when he speaks unfairly.
Stephen
Kumalo
• James Jarvis undergoes a journey parallel to that of Kumalo,

although he is never granted the chance to be reunited with his
son, Arthur, physically. Jarvis is a white, English-speaking
farmer who lives on a hill above Ndotsheni. When the novel
begins, Jarvis is ignorant of or indifferent to the injustices of
South Africa. He cares for his farm and his family, and he more
or less takes for granted the political system in which he lives.
James Harvis
• Jarvis’s complacency is shattered when he learns that his son has

been killed. He goes to stay with his son’s in-laws, the
Harrisons, in Johannesburg, where he learns that Arthur had
become a leader in the community, valued by people from all
racial groups for his speeches on social justice. Jarvis here
realizes that his son had become a stranger to him.
James Harvis
Stephen Kumalo’s host and guide in Johannesburg. A tall, young

minister at the Mission House in Sophiatown, Msimangu has an
acute understanding of the problems that face South Africa. He
helps Kumalo understand the people and places that they
encounter, and is unfailingly sympathetic to Kumalo, making
Kumalo’s quest his top priority. He sometimes speaks unkindly, but
he quickly repents. His eventual decision to enter a monastery is a
Theophilus final testament to the depth of his faith and generosity.
Msimangu
Stephen Kumalo’s son. After fleeing home for Johannesburg,

Absalom quickly goes astray, but even after he commits murder, he
is able to reclaim his fundamental decency. His decision to move to
Johannesburg is part of a larger trend of young black people fleeing
their villages for the cities. Absalom’s story is a cautionary tale of
the dangers of this movement. Seeming to lack a reliable moral
compass, he is influenced by bad companions and begins a
criminal career.
James Harvis
Stephen Kumalo’s brother. Formerly a humble carpenter and a

practicing Christian, John Kumalo becomes a successful
businessman and one of the three most powerful black politicians
in Johannesburg. He has a beautiful and powerful voice, which he
uses to speak out for the rights of black South Africans, but his fear
of punishment prevents him from pushing for actual radical
change, and he is considered by many to be without courage.
John Kumalo
Gertrude
Kumalo
Stephen Kumalo’s sister and the original reason for his trip to Johannesburg. Gertrude,
twenty-five years younger than Kumalo and living in Johannesburg, is easily influenced.
When Kumalo reminds her of her Christian duties and obligations, she attempts to return to
them, but she lacks real determination.
Gertrude’s son
Kumalo’s nephew. He brings comfort to Kumalo during his troubles. He returns with
Kumalo to Ndotsheni, where Absalom’s wife raises him.

Mrs. Lithebe
The woman with whom Kumalo stays in Johannesburg. Mrs. Lithebe is an Msutu woman
who lives in Sophiatown and takes in boarders, especially priests. She is a good and
generous Christian who believes that helping others is simply her duty.
Ndlela
She is a resident of Sophiatown with whom Absalom Kumalo once stayed. She gives
Msimangu and Kumalo a forwarding address for Absalom Kumalo in Alexandra, and tells
them that she disliked Absalom's friends but claims to know nothing about any crimes they
may have committed.

Mrs. Mkize
She is a resident of Alexandra with whom Absalom Kumalo once stayed. When Msimangu
and Kumalo visit her, she fears retribution for telling them where Absalom may be, but
when Msimangu reassures her, she refers them to a taxi driver who might know where
Absalom is. Absalom and his friends returned to Mkize's house after murdering Arthur
Jarvis, and she is a witness at the trial against them.
Mrs.
Hlatshwayo
Absalom Kumalo stayed with this woman while in Shanty Town before he went to the
reformatory. She tells Stephen Kumalo and Msimangu that Absalom got a girl pregnant and
that he has left the reformatory to live in Pimville.

Dhlamini
He is a workman at the Doornfontein Textiles Plant where Absalom Kumalo worked. He

tells Kumalo and Msimangu that Absalom was staying with Mrs. Ndlela in Sophiatown.
Mrs.
Hlatshwayo
He is a taxi driver who was friends with Absalom. He tells Kumalo and Msimangu that
Absalom went to live in Shanty Town.

The young
man
A young white man who works at the reformatory and attempts to reform Absalom.
Although he does, on one occasion, chastise Kumalo, he does so because he cares much for
his pupils, and the thought of Absalom’s predicament pains him.
Absalom’s
girlfriend
The kindhearted and quiet sixteen-year-old girl whom Absalom has impregnated. She has
run away from her dysfunctional family but still seeks a family structure and bonds. She is
sexually experienced but essentially innocent, obedient, and grateful for adult protection.

Father Vincent
An Anglican priest from England who stays at the Sophiatown Mission and offers to help
Kumalo with his troubles. Father Vincent counsels Kumalo when he is brokenhearted over
his son and presides over the wedding between Absalom and Absalom’s girlfriend. He is
warm and understanding, and he possesses deep faith.
Margaret Jarvis
James Jarvis’s wife. Margaret takes the death of her son very hard. She is a physically
fragile and loving woman who commiserates with and supports her husband through their
grief. She also shares in his plans to help Ndotsheni.

John Harrison
The brother of Mary Jarvis, Arthur Jarvis’s wife. John is young and quick-witted, and shares
Arthur’s opinions about the rights of the black population in South Africa. He provides
companionship to James Jarvis in Johannesburg.
Mr. Harrison
Mary Jarvis’s father. Mr. Harrison has conservative political views and blames black South
Africans for the country’s problems. Though he disagrees with Arthur, he admires Arthur’s
courage.

Arthur’s son
Although only a child, Arthur’s son is very much like his father. He is curious,
intelligent, and generous. He treats black people with unusual courtesy and pleases
Kumalo by visiting him and practicing Zulu.

Napoleon
Letsitsi • The agricultural expert hired by James Jarvis to teach
better farming techniques to the people of Ndotsheni.
• A well-educated middle-class black man, Letsitsi earns
a good salary and is eager to help build his country.
• Although grateful for the help of good white men, he
nonetheless looks forward to an Africa in which black
people will not rely on whites for their basic needs.

Mathew • He is the son of John Kumalo. He is a good friend
Kumalo and eventual accomplice of Absalom’s.
• One of the other defendants in the trial for the
murder of Arthur Jarvis, he and Johannes Pafuri
were also involved in the robbery and murder.
• Eventually, Matthew denies having been present at
the robbery, turning his back on his cousin and
friend.
• Unlike Absalom, Matthew Kumalo receives a not
guilty sentence for the murder and does not accept
responsibility for his actions, likely causing a more
stringent sentence for Absalom.

Johannes • The third defendant in the trial of Absalom Kumalo, he
Pafuri conspired with Absalom and John Kumalo The third
young man present at the attempted robbery of Arthur
Jarvis’s house and was responsible for hitting the
servant Richard Mpiring with an iron bar during the
robbery.
• According to Absalom’s testimony, Pafuri is the
ringleader of the group, deciding the time of the robbery
and having his weapon “blessed” to give them good
luck.
• He pleads not guilty to the murder, and like John
Kumalo receives a verdict of not guilty, thus helping to
place the entirety of the blame on Absalom.

Mr.
• An acquaintance of Father Vincent’s who becomes Absalom’s
Carmichael lawyer.
• He is a tall and serious man who carries himself with an almost
royal bearing.
• He takes Absalom’s case pro deo (“for God”).
The Judge • The judge who presides over Absalom’s case seems to be a fair-
minded man, but he is constrained by unjust laws and applies
them strictly.
• He sentence Mathew Lumalo and Johannes Pafuri not guilty for
rubbery and murder and sentences Absalom Kumalo guilty and
punish him strangulation until his death.

Richard
Mpiring He is the servant at the home of Arthur Jarvis who witnesses the
robbery and murder and identifies Johannes Pafuri as one of the
culprits during the trial. During the robbery, Pafuri hit Mpiring with
an iron bar, knocking him unconscious.
Dubula • He is one of the major black political leaders in

Johannesburg, along with Tomlinson and John Kumalo.
• He provides the heart to complement John Kumalo’s
voice.
• The bus boycott and the construction of Shanty Town are
his handiwork.

Tomlinson • Along with Dubula and John Kumalo, he is one of the three
major black leaders in Johannesburg.
• While not a great orator, Tomlinson is considered the smartest
of the three.
Mary Jarvis • Arthur Jarvis’s wife.

• Mary takes her husband’s murder hard, but she remains strong
for her children.
• She shares her husband’s commitment to justice.

People of • They show great respect for Stephen Kumalo and his family as
Ndotsheni Kumalo the religious leader and a strong moral man on their
village.
• They took part on the process of restoring their land and way of
life, thanks to the improvements brought to them by James
Jarvis and the agricultural teacher.
• He visits Stephen Kumalo in Ixopo in order to relieve him of
The Bishop his post and send him to Pietermaritzburg to assist his friend
Ntombela at his church.
• He does this because he presumes that there will be tension
because James Jarvis lives nearby, but decides to let Kumalo
remain in Ixopo when he reads a letter written by Jarvis
thanking Kumalo for his letter of condolence regarding the
death of Margaret Jarvis.

• The political leader of the blacks in Ixopo and a great stout
The Chief man, Stephen Kumalo visits him in order to request help in
restoring life in the Ndotsheni region.
• The chief essentially dismisses Kumalo's claims, but later
works with James Jarvis when he devotes himself to helping the
blacks in Ndotsheni.

2GED-LIT02
Plot (Chapters 1-15)

Presenter: Janine Silvano
Diofel Bula
Elynette Cabusas
Riz Herah Calida

Cry, the Beloved Country: Plot (Chapters 1-15)
Chapter 1
We are introduced to the Land
• The Land
• The Beautiful Hills
• A Sacred Covenant

Chapter 2
• The small child gave a letter to Stephen Kumalo
• Stephen Kumalo offered the small child to eat
• Stephen Kumalo was afraid to open the letter. So he let his wife
open and read the letter
• Stephen Kumalo ask his wife to bring the St. Chads money
• Stephen went to church

Chapter 3
• Stephen Kumalo waits for the Johannesburg train at
Carisbrooke
• He was anxious about his sister’s health
• As the train arrived, Stephen Kumalo bid farewell to a friend.
As Kumalo boards the train, his companion passes on a request
from a man named Sibeko, whose daughter accompanied a
white family to Johannesburg and has not written since.
Kumalo says he will do what he can

Chapter 4
• Mr. Stephen Kulamo passes through are unfamiliar to him, with
foreign landscapes and signs written in Afrikaans, which he does
not speak- he has arrive in Johannesburg.
• He was cheated by a young man who offer help in buying ticket
to Sophia Town.
• Stephen meets a kind person who help him get to Sophia Town
and meet Mr. Msimangu.

Chapter 5
• Stephen Kumalo meets the other priest at the mission.
• Msimangu wants Kumalo to stay in the house of one of his
churchgoers, a lady named Mrs. Lithebe.
• Msimangu breaks the news to Kumalo that Gertrude (his sister) is
not physically sick. Nope, she's spiritually sick, which is a really
nice way of putting that she's now a prostitute.
• Msimangu does have news of Kumalo's brother John, who is now
a big politician in the city. But, John has turned his back on
religion.

Chapter 6
• Stephen and Gertrude finally see each other with the help of
Msimangu.
• Mr. Kumalo promises that he will take her and her child away
from this awful place, but he wants to know just one thing: does
she have any news about Absalom?
• Stephen has a lead in finding his sin, his brother John's son might
know where Absalom is now.
• Gertrude and her kid join Kumalo at Mrs. Lithebe's house.
• Kumalo is starting to feel positive about things for the first time
in years—a surefire sign that bad things are about to go down.

Chapter 7
• Msimangu arrives to bring Kumalo to his brother John.
• John revealed that he is happy in Johannesburg, because he has
access to power that is out of his reach back in Ndotsheni.
• John gives Kumalo the address of a fabric factory where he thinks
that Absalom and John's own son are both working.

Chapter 7
• They come up short in the factory. They follow Absalom's trail
until they get a definite address, care of a Mrs. Mkize. They plan
to visit Mrs. Mkize's house the next day.
• Absalom's former landlady Mrs. Ndela strongly hints to
Msimangu that Kumalo is not going to be happy with what he
finds there, but still showed them the address to Alexandra.

Chapter 8
 The next morning, after they had eaten at the Mission House,
Msimangu and Kumalo set off for the great wide road where the
buses run.
 That is the famous Dubula, said Msimangu quietly. A friend of
your brother John.
 They walked many miles through the European city, up Twist
Street to the Clarendon Circle, and down Louis Botha towards
Orange Grove.
 Our white friends fought against this petition, for they said that
the good things of Alexandra were more than the bad.

Chapter 8
 Have no doubt it is fear in her eyes.
 Heavy-hearted the old man went, and Msimangu followed him
slowly till he turned at the corner.
 True, they had not gone far before the pavements were full of the
walking people.

Chapter 9
 ALL ROADS LEAD to Johannesburg.
 Three shillings and sixpence.
 Six years waiting for a house.
 Number six thousand on the list.
 Outside there is singing, singing round a fire.
 You need not be ashamed that you live in Shanty Town.

Chapter 10
 While Kumalo was waiting for Msimangu to take him to Shanty
Town, he spent the time with Gertrude and her child.
 The children laugh in the narrow lanes that run between these
tragic habitations.
 The white people are training more and more of them.
 They walked on in silence, for neither of them had any words.
• They watched him drive away

Chapter 11
 I have been thinking, said Msimangu, as they were sitting in the
train that would take them back to Sophiatown, that it is time for
you to rest for a while.
 It was a pleasant evening at the Mission House.
 There is not much talking now. A silence falls upon them all.
 They walked to the gate of the little house of Mrs. Lithebe.

Chapter 12
• People debate the cause and solution for the black crime.
• Some people believe that more rules are the best way, while
others suggest that education and purpose are the real solutions.
• The police was looking for the son of the old umfundisi.
• Kumalo and Msimangu chase and went to places as to where the
police have came in to know why they’re looking for Absalom
but they failed.

Chapter 13
• Kumalo and Msimangu travel to Ezenzeleni.
• Kumalo is in so much despair thinking of his grandson being
born out of wedlock, his son’s thievery, and the murder.
• Kumalo’s newfound high spirits evaporate as he admits to
himself that the ways of the tribe have been lost forever.
• Kumalo is confronted by the help given to the blind in
Ezenzeleni.

Chapter 14
• Gertrude’s furniture, the final remnants of her past, are sold.
• Absalom is in jail for the murder of Arthur Jarvis and that
Absalom fired the shot.
• In the prison’s visiting room, Kumalo and Absalom reunited.
• Kumalo, John cruelly states, will not need a lawyer because his
son is guilty and cannot be saved.
• Kumalo thought that Father Vincent is his only hope.

Chapter 15
• Kumalo finds out the truth of his son’s new life of crime.
• Absalom has shot and killed a man in a botched robbery and
awaits trial for murder.
• The man from the reformatory returns and apologize and advises
Kumalo that he will need a lawyer because John is untrustworthy.
• Kumalo, smitten by sorrow that he is unable to function and
simply shut down. Unable to remain hopeful, even at the prospect
of healing his land.
• Father Vincent tries to lift Kumalo by giving advices and
encouragement.

2GED-LIT02
Styles of the
Author
Presenter: Jasper Keith Carugda

Cry, the Beloved Country: Styles of the Author
Alan Paton’s writing style in Cry, The Beloved Country is often described as a lyrical or
poetic.
Alliteration Paton Uses Allusions such as names and stories that are related
to biblical stories. Example of it was the story of Absalom and
Stephens name.
The Repetition of the description of Hills and valleys, the

Repetition reverberated phrase Cry the Beloved Country. The repetition of
fear and segregation as a theme and also was the repetition of
words used to expressed a stress on a high degree; Very, very.
Now, now.

Allusions As Stephen and others arrived at the prison to visit Absalom

Paton uses Alliteration using a repetitive use of the beginning
“g” and “th” sounds.
Foreshadowing Paton Uses foreshadowing when Stephen Kumalo learns that

James Jarvis’s son has been Killed in Johannesburg. He uses the
devise in order to give the readers a hint that there are things
that will come across the story.

Imagery The use of strong voice packed with imagery in various

passages. Where, it is dominantly notable in elaboration of the
settings.
Logos John’s answer in the inquiry of Stephen on why he wasn’t able

to send a letter was in a logo stylistic prose.

2GED-LIT02
Point of View

Cry, the Beloved Country: Point of view
Third person omniscient with varying viewpoints;
Kumalo’s Story (Chapter 2-17, 24-35 and partly of Chapter 26)
Jarvis’s Story (Chapter 18- 26)
The Voice of the People (12: The Meeting, The couple and The
Differences of Opinions)

2GED-LIT02
Conflict

Cry, the Beloved Country: Conflict
Man vs. Himself Stephen Kumalo was mentally perplexed in leading the tiny
church after encountering various uncertainties
Man vs. Man During the Home intrusion of Absalom Kumalo and his
companions, He accidentally killed Arthur Jarvis in the
confrontation.

Cry, the Beloved Country: Conflict
Man vs. Nature Drought begins to devastate the countryside, especially the
village of Ndotsheni, where Kumalo is the reverend.
Man vs. Society Absalom faces against the justice system after killing Arthur
Jarvis

2GED-LIT02
Cultural
Implications
Presenter: Quennie Calvano

Cry, the Beloved Country: Cultural Implications
Discrimination
deepen
• As the twentieth century wore on, intellectual and social attitudes
evolved, and the balance of power within nations and between
nations changed.
• In the 1920s and 1930s, and more particularly after World War II,
which had been waged largely against systems of fanatical
racism, more democratic and egalitarian attitudes began to
become common.

Erosion of Social
Group
• A tribe provides a sense of community and family. The members

in the tribe look out for one another. They instill and reinforce
ethical actions and everyone works to help each other.
• This is lost in a city such as Johannesburg. There is no sense of

community and everyone works for the betterment of the self.

Economic Disparity
• The lack of land causes a number of the younger generation to

seek work elsewhere, primarily big cities like Johannesburg.
Since there are severe restrictions on the types of jobs blacks can
hold, they are usually assigned low-paying menial jobs, such as
working in the mines.
• With low wages and terrible living conditions, there is very little
opportunity to succeed, much less survive. Many turn to
alternative means to survive, often engaging in criminal activity.

Racial Inequality/ Raising the
“Color Bar”
• Blacks live on land that is too poor to farm.
• Families and tribes are broken apart because of the gold mines,
which draw young black men to live in faraway, basic compounds
for low wages.
• Everyone lives in fear. The blacks live in fear of angering or
offending whites and suffering reprisals and the whites live in fear
that the blacks will rise up against the injustice in their lives and try
to take back power of the country.
• Black people are also frequently referred to as 'natives', arguably
denigrating the entire race into one general category.

2GED-LIT02
Symbols
Presenter: Quennie Calvano

Cry, the Beloved Country: Symbols
Johannesburg
Johannesburg-represents the evil forces that try
to draw us all away from the things we know
are right. Once we get caught up in a life of sin,
it is almost impossible to come back.

Gold mines
Gold Mines symbolize the corruption and injustice against the
black citizens of South Africa as the money from the mines does
not go to the workers, but to the white men.
Zulu Church
Zulu Church- rough structure that represents a faith that is
humble and unpretentious.

Rain and Water

Rain and water -symbols of birth, purification, and love.
Drought
Drought serve as drought of the spirit as well as of the land.

The earth/land of South

Africa
The earth/land of South Africa is the stabilizing force for her
inhabitants (the earth is often referred to as a kind of mother).
Brightness
Brightness- both Arthur and his son are notable for their “brightness,” a
symbol of their eager intellects and generous hearts.

2GED-LIT02
Themes
Presenter: Gwyneth Nicole Catap

Cry, the Beloved Country: Themes
• Reconciliation between Fathers and Sons

• Reuniting the Family and Nation
• The Vicious Cycle of Inequality and Injustice
• Christianity and Injustice
• The Land and the Tribe
• Racism and Apartheid
• Christian Values of Kindness

2GED-LIT02
Implication of the
Title Presenter: Gwyneth Catap

Cry, the Beloved Country: Implication of the Title
"Cry, the beloved country" is to say, "Cry, Africa." Picture

Africa as a mother grieving for her slain son while also calling
out for an end to the abuses toward her people. "Cry"
encapsulates both the sorrow and the rage of the grieving
mother.


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2GED-LIT02

Cry, the Beloved

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Alan Stewart Paton

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Character WebPresenter: Eliza Jane Beduya

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

• Kumalo is not flawless, and he occasionally erupts in anger and

• James Jarvis undergoes a journey parallel to that of Kumalo,

• Jarvis’s complacency is shattered when he learns that his son has

Stephen Kumalo’s host and guide in Johannesburg. A tall, young

Stephen Kumalo’s son. After fleeing home for Johannesburg,

Stephen Kumalo’s brother. Formerly a humble carpenter and a

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

He is a workman at the Doornfontein Textiles Plant where Absalom Kumalo worked. He

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

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PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Dubula • He is one of the major black political leaders in

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Mary Jarvis • Arthur Jarvis’s wife.

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PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Plot (Chapters 1-15)

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The Repetition of the description of Hills and valleys, the

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Allusions As Stephen and others arrived at the prison to visit Absalom

Foreshadowing Paton Uses foreshadowing when Stephen Kumalo learns that

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Imagery The use of strong voice packed with imagery in various

Logos John’s answer in the inquiry of Stephen on why he wasn’t able

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY