Educational Technology

By: Ina S. Tuando, LPT

Technology
collection of techniques, skills, methods
Educational Technology
the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and
improving performance by creating, using, and managing
appropriate technological processes and resources
Technology in Education
1.Students demand it.
2.New teachers are demanding it. 
3.Kids are the digital native.
4.Kids can learn at their own pace.
5.With technology, there are no
limitations. 
6. Technology has the ability to enhance
relationships between teachers and
students.
7. Testing has gone online
8. Multitude of resources 
9. Technology keeps kids engaged.
10. Technology is necessary to succeed
outside of primary and secondary
education
Instructional Technology
includes practical techniques of instructional
delivery that systematically aim for effective
learning
AUDIOVISUAL FORMS
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY
DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Analysis Phase

1. Who is the audience?

2. Identify new behavioral outcome.
3. What are delivery options?
Step used for Design phase

1. Documentation
2. Apply instructional strategies
3. Design user interface and user experience
4. Prototype creation
5. Apply visual design
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS
Types of Instructional Materials

1. Non-projected Displays
2. Printed and Duplicated Materials
3. Projected Displays
4. Audio Materials
5. Audio-video presentations
6. Film and Video Materials
7. Computer-Mediated Materials
MOCKUPS
replica of a machine or structure, used for
instructional or experimental purposes. It is
also detachable
REALIA
objects and material from everyday life,
especially when used as teaching aids.

• Post Card
• Restaurant Menu
• Newspaper/Tabloids
MODELS
a three-dimensional representation of a
person or thing or of a proposed structure,
typically on a smaller scale than the original.
SPECIMENS
an individual animal, plant, piece of a
mineral, etc., used as an example of its
species or type for scientific study or display
Educational Psychology
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Developed by Ivan Pavlov
• Also called as the Pavlovian conditioning

STAGES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

1.Before Conditioning
2.During Conditioning
3.After Conditioning
 Connectionism Theory
• Law of Readiness
• Law of Exercise
• Law of Effect

Principles
1. Learning requires both practice and rewards (laws of effect /exercise)
2. A series of S-R connections can be chained together if they belong to
the same action sequence (law of readiness).
3. Transfer of learning occurs because of previously encountered
situations.
4. Intelligence is a function of the number of connections learned.
Meaningful Learning

• Developed by David Ausubel

• Differentiated Meaningful Learning vs. Rote Learning
1.Meaningful Learning:
 Non-arbitrary, non-verbatim, substantive incorporation of
new knowledge into cognitive structure.
 Deliberate effort to link new knowledge with higher order
concepts in cognitive structure
 Learning related to experiences with events or objects.
 Affective commitment to relate new knowledge to prior
learning.
2.Rote Learning:
 Arbitrary, verbatim, non-substantive incorporation of new
knowledge into cognitive structure.
 No effort to integrate new knowledge with existing
concepts in cognitive structure.
 Learning not related to experience with events or
objects.
 No affective commitment to relate new knowledge to
prior learning.
PHASES OF MEANINGFUL LEARNING

Phase One: Advanced Organizer

Phase Two: Presentation of Learning Task

Phase Three: Strengthening Cognitive Organization

Gestalt Theory

Gestalt is a decisive trend in psychology history. It was born in

Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. It was Christian von
Ehrenfels, an Austrian philosopher, who gave this movement its
name in The Attributes of Form, his most important work. There is
no perfect English translation of the term “gestalt”. But we can
interpret it as “totality”,”figure”,”structure”,”configuration” or
“organized unity”.
Gestalt Theory Laws
1. Law of Prägnanz

“simplify
what we
perceive
and prefer
simplicity”
2. Figure-ground law

“we can only

see one
figure at a
time”
3. Law of proximity

“elements
closest to
each other
tend to form
a group”
4. Law of similarity

“things with
similar
appearance
will be
group
together”
5. Common Fate law

“elements that
seem to move
together
towards a
certain
orientation are
perceived as a
whole”
6: Law of Closure

“our minds
craves for
completion”
7. Law of Good Continuity

“even if two or
more objects
intersect, our
minds will still see
them as
uninterrupted and
different objects
that do not share
stimulus”
Cumulative Learning Theory
• Developed by Robert Gagne
• Different instructional approaches are used to
achieve maximum learning
NINE ESSENTIAL STEPS OF INSTRUCTION
• Gain attention - Present stimulus to ensure reception of
instruction.
• State the learning objective - What will the pupil gain from the
instruction?
• Stimulate recall of prior learning - Ask for recall of existing
relevant knowledge.
• Present the stimulus - Display the content.
• Provide learning guidance
• Elicit performance - Learners respond to demonstrate
knowledge.
• Provide feedback - Give informative feedback on the learner's
performance.
• Assess performance - More performance and more feedback, to
reinforce information.
• Enhance retention and transfer to other contexts
 The Zone of Proximal
Development
An important concept in sociocultural theory is
known as the zone of proximal development.
According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal
development "is the distance between the
actual development level as determined by
independent problem solving and the level of
potential development as determined through
problem-solving under adult guidance or in
collaboration with more capable peers."
PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTION AND
UTILIZATION OF ED TECH.
1.Encourages contact between students and faculty
2.Develops reciprocity and cooperation among
students
3.Encourages active learning
4.Gives prompt feedback
5.Emphasizes time on task
6.Communicates high expectations
7.Respects diverse talents and ways of learning
 Technological
Integration Matrix
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
Information Technology
the study or use of systems for storing, retrieving, and
sending information.
Information Retrieval
is understood as a fully automatic process that responds to a
user query by examining a collection of documents and
returning a sorted document list
Information Science
the study of processes for storing and retrieving
information, especially scientific or technical
information.
Key Terms in ICT
1.Computer: an electronic device for storing and
processing data, typically in binary form
2.Document: a piece of written, printed, or
electronic matter that provides information or
evidence or that serves as an official record.
3.File: a collection of data stored in one unit,
identified by a filename.
4.Data: information processed or stored by a
computer.
5.Email: Electronic Mail
Local Area Network (LAN) – covers a small area

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – whole city

Wide Area Network (WAN) – nationwide

Personal Area Network (PAN) – private connection

 MOTHERBOARD
Also called as mainboard, is the printed circuit board (PCB)
found in computers. It holds many of the essential electronic
components of the system such as the CPU, memory, video
cards, network cards, and hard drives.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Is the brain of the

computer that performs
calculations. It is
comprised of millions of
logic gates that is used
for variety of operations.
Common Computer Acronyms
•BIOS – Basic Input Output System
•MAC - Macintosh
•OS – Operating System
•PC – Personal Computer
•PDF - Portable Document Format
•RAM - Random Access Memory.
•ROM - Read Only Memory
•VGA - Video Graphics Array
•FTP - File Transport Protocol
•HTML - HyperText Markup Language.
•HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
•IP - Internet Protocol
•ISP - Internet Service
•URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
•USB - Universal Serial Bus
 Generations of Computer
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation:  Microprocessors (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
Classifications of Computer

Supercomputers
Mainframe Computers
Mini Computers
Micro Computers
Portable Computers
Roles of Computer
Informative Tool
Communicative Tool
Productivity Tool
Graphic Organizer
 A
Dis-

B C Advantage Technology Advantage

Venn Diagram Semantic Webbing

Series of event chain Flowchart
 Cycle Timeline
14

I. 12

10

V. II.
8

6 Series 3
Series 2
4 Series 1
2

IV 0

III.
.
Continuum Scale Fishbone Diagram