AUXILIARY

MACHINERY 222
MIDTERM WEEK 1 PPT
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
DEFINITION OF THE REFRIGERATION

• Refrigeration is a process of cooling or remove heat to lower the

temperature of a space, or items to be stored in the space, to a
temperature below the temperature of the surrounding area. This is
accomplished by using a mechanical refrigeration process in which
a refrigerant is used to alternately absorb heat from the space or
object to be cooled and reject the heat to atmosphere or seawater.
PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION IN SHIP

• When the liquid evaporates a cooling effect is produced, for example, a couple
of drops of volatile liquid i.e. after shave poured on to the hand gives a chilly
sensation, because it evaporates rapidly taking the heat out of the skin.
• Evaporation of leaking water from porous earthen pot surface keeps the water
inside the pot surface cool.
• Similarly, if liquid CO2 is formed to vaporize at a coil as shown, the heat to
vaporize the liquid CO2 is going to be taken from the encompassing i.e. in this
particular case this case a bottle of water.
• The flinch in the example shown is that the cylinder will soon become empty
of liquid CO2 and therefore the cooling effect will stop unless the cylinder is
recharged with further liquid CO2.
THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF 4 PROCESSES
NAMELY:
Compression
• Compression of the gas is administered within the
compressor, which delivers the gas at high and
temperature.
Condensation
• The compressed high-pressure gas is now condensed to a
high-pressure liquid in a condenser.
• Expansion
• The high-pressure liquid is then passed through an expansion valve to reduce
its pressure, after passing through the expansion valve the refrigerant consists
of cold liquid and a little quantity of vapour both at low pressures.
• Evaporation
• The liquid refrigerant containing a small quantity of vapour is now passed
through an evaporator which is found within the space required to be cooled.
• Here the refrigerant absorbs heat from the objects and space and evaporates,
due to this heat absorption the objects and surrounding space cools.
• The evaporated liquid (gas) is passing to the compressor suction for the whole
process to repeat itself.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SHIP’S
REFRIGERATION PLANT
• The refrigeration plants on merchant vessels play a vital
part in carrying refrigerated cargo and provisions for the
crew on board. In reefer ships, the temperature of the
perishable or temperature sensitive cargo such as food,
chemical, or liquefied gas, is controlled by the
refrigeration plant of the ship. The same plant or a
smaller unit can be used for maintaining the
temperature of different provision rooms carrying food
stuffs for crew members.
• The main purpose of ship’s refrigeration plant is to
avoid any damage to the cargo or perishable material so
that it is transported in good and healthy condition.
Refrigeration prevents growth of micro-organisms,
oxidation, fermentation and drying out of cargo etc.
WORKING OF SHIP’S REFRIGERATION PLANT

• The compressor acting as a

circulation pump for refrigerant has
two safety cut-outs- Low pressure
(LP) and High Pressure (HP) cut
outs. When the pressure on the
suction side drops below the set
valve, the control unit stops the
compressor and when the pressure
on the discharge side shoots up, the
compressor trips.
• LP or low pressure cut out is controlled
automatically i.e. when the suction pressure
drops, the compressor stops and when the
suction pressure rises again, the control
system starts the compressor. HP or high
pressure cut out is provided with manual re-
set.The hot compressed liquid is passed to a
receiver through a condenser to cool it
down. The receiver can be used to collect
the refrigerant when any major repair work
has to be performed.
• The master solenoid is fitted after the receiver,
which is controlled by the control unit. In case of
sudden stoppage of compressor, the master
solenoid also closes, avoiding the flooding of
evaporator with refrigerant liquidture of the room.
For this, the expansion valve is controlled by a
diaphragm movement due to the pressure variation
which is operated by the bulb sensor filled with
expandable fluid fitted at the evaporator outlet..
• The room or hold solenoid and thermostatic valve
regulate the flow of the refrigerant in to the room
to maintain the tempera