MACHINES

MACHINES
A machine is a
device consisting of fixed and moving parts 
that modifies mechanical energy and 
transmits it in a more useful form.
ASSEMBLY OF MACHINES
The Assembly of machines is the
connection and attachment of parts,
subassemblies, and modules in a
definite sequence to produce a
finished machine.
 A module is a detachable or non
detachable group of parts.
The characteristic feature of a module is
that it can be assembled apart from the
other elements of the final product.
 VIBRATION
More than 80% of all rotary
equipment failure are related to
vibration.
 Vibration is a continuous periodic
change in displacement with respect
to a fixed reference.
All objects on earth are constantly
experiencing vibration
 A vibration is a force that starts from a
neutral position, travels a displaced
distance to a upper limit, and reverses
its direction to return to neutral, travels
a displaced distance to a lower limit,
and returns to neutral.
Vibration can break down the resiliency
of seals and increase bearing and
equipment temperatures.
Vibration in one location may reacts and
add to vibration from another location.
This vibration may be magnified,
resulting in equipment damage.
 With recent motor designs, the effects
of vibration become more critical
because bearings fit tolerance has
decreased, motor speeds have increased,
and motor support frames have become
lighter.
 Vibration Effects
Understanding vibration effects and
establishing a testing, data collection,
and analysis program goes beyond
preventive maintenance program.
 The cost of sophisticated electronic
instruments able to collect, analyze, and
store data is added to the cost of
training personnel to interpret the data.
Many vibrations are unbearable for
human comfort. These include loud
noises and shaking of buildings or
vehicles.
 The magnitude of vibrations felt by
humans is extremely small. The most
damaging effect of vibration, especially in
the cases of machinery, occurs in ranges
outside of human perception.
 These vibrations can produce fatigue failure in
machine and structural elements, increase general
wear of parts, and develop vibration through building
foundations that are great enough to cause
destruction or annoyance in another location.