Haemopoiesis

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• Haemopoiesis is the process of formation
(development,maturation and release) of
blood cells.This is also called
Hematopoiesis
• Blood cells are continuously destroyed in
the body
• Therefore,Replacement of blood cells is
also a continuous phenomena
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Hemopoiesis includes
• Erythropoiesis, i.e. development of RBCs,
• Leucopoiesis, i.e. development of WBCs,
• Thrombopoiesis or
megakaryocytopoiesis, i.e. development of
platelets.

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 Site of Haemopoiesis
• In the first two months of gestation, the yolk sac
is the main site of haemopoiesis (mesoblastic
stage).
• From third months of gestation, liver and spleen
become the main sites of blood formation and
continue to do so till birth. Spleen makes small
contribution as compared to the liver (hepatic
stage).
• From 20th week of gestation, haemopoiesis
begins in the bone marrow and by seventh or
eighth month it becomes the main site (myeloid
stage).
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• The active haemopoietic bone marrow is red in colour due to
marked cellularity and hence is called red bone marrow. However,
during this period there occurs a progressive fatty replacement
throughout the long bones converting red bone marrow into the so-
called yellow bone marrow.
• In adults, therefore, haemopoietic (red) bone marrow is confined to
the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum and
pelvis) and the proximal ends of long bones (humerus, femur and
tibia).

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Features of Red & Yellow bone marrow

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 Steps of Hemopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow from
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
• Stem cells possess two fundamental properties:
• Self-replication, i.e. stem cells are capable of
cell division to give rise to more stem cells
• Differentiation and commitment, i.e. the stem
cells have ability to differentiate into specialized
cells called progenitor cells

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• Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are
capable of producing two important groups
of stem cells
• Lymphoid stem cells which ultimately
develop into lymphocytes.
• Myeloid stem cells which later
differentiate into three types of cell lines:
• Granulocyte–monocyte progenitors which produce all leucocytes except
the lymphocytes.
• Erythroid progenitors which produce RBCs.
• Megakaryocyte progenitors which produce platelets.

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• Progenitor cells develop from stem cells.
Progenitor cells form colony forming units
(CFUs) that give rise to different types of
blast cells. Myeloid stem cells differentiate
into CFU-GEMM, i. e. CFU for
granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte
and monocyte. CFU-GEMM develops into
three major CFUs

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1.CFU-E: CFU-E is the CFU for erythroid series that form
proerythroblast, which in turn develops into precursor
cells of erythroid series.
2. CFU-GM: CFU-GM is the multilineage CFU that in turn
forms CFU for granulocytes (CFU-G) and CFU for
monocytes (CFU-M). CFU-G develops into myeloblast
that differentiates into three lineage of granulocytes
(neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil). CFU-M develops
into monoblast that differentiates into monocyte.
3. CFU-Mega: CFU-Mega differentiates into
megakaryoblast that in turn forms platelets.

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 Types of Hemopoiesis
• Hemopoiesis is broadly divided into three
types: erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis and
thrombopoiesis.
• Erythropoiesis is the development of red
cells, leucopoiesis is the development of
leucocytes and thrombopoiesis is the
development of thrombocytes (platelets).

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 Precursor cells
• 1. The proerythroblast that forms erythroid series
for final development of red cells.
• 2. The myeloblast that differentiates into three
lineages of granulocytes series (neutrophil,
eosinophil, and basophil).
• 3. The monoblast that differentiates into
monocytes.
• 4. The lymphoblast that develops into
lymphocytes
• 5. The megakaryoblast that finally forms
platelets. 12
 REGULATION OF HAEMOPOIESIS

• The growth of different blood cells from the stem cells is controlled and
regulated by the haemopoietic growth factors, which in general are called
cytokines. Cytokine is a
general term used to denote the proteins released by the cells that act as
intercellular mediators. The cytokines which control the formation of different
types of blood cells are called colony stimulating factors (CSF) which are
givenbelow:
• G-CSF stimulates the granulocytic precursors,
• M-CSF stimulates the monocytic precursors,
• GM-CSF stimulates both the granulocytic and monocytic precursors.
• Interleukins (IL) refer to the cytokine stimulating lymphocytic precursor, for
example, IL-1, IL-3, etc.
• Erythropoietin refers to the cytokine stimulating the erythroid series of cells.

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