PHARMACOKINETICS

OF INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
 INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Administration of medication directly to the bloodstream via peripheral or central vein.

Intravenous (IV) drug solutions may be either injected as a bolus dose (all at once) or infused slowly through a
vein into the plasma at a constant rate (iv infuse).

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IV ADMINISTRATION

Advantages Disadvantages
• Therapeutic effect may be seen immediately. • Expensive.
• Allows precise control of plasma drug concentrations • Requires administration by trained medical staff.
to fit the individual needs of the patient.
• Less safe: irritation, thrombophlebitis, risk of infection.
• A route for administration of fluids and drugs to
patients who cannot take oral medication.
• Avoid first pass effect.
• Suitable for large volume administration.

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The pharmacokinetics of a drug given by constant IV infusion
follows a zero-order input process in which the drug is directly
infused into the systemic blood circulation. For most drugs,
elimination of drug from the plasma is a first-order process.

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STEADY STATE CONCENTRATION (CSS)

For many drugs, the desired Css is reported in the

literature as the effective therapeutic drug
concentration.

In clinical practice, the drug activity will be

observed when the drug concentration is close
to the desired plasma drug concentration, which
is usually the target or desired steady-state drug
concentration. For therapeutic purposes, the
time for the plasma drug concentration to reach
more than 95% of the steady-state drug
concentration in the plasma is often
estimated.

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At steady state, the rate of infusion equals the rate of elimination. Therefore,

R – k. Db = 0,

Substitution of Db = Cp.Vd gives:

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An increase in the infusion rate will not shorten
the time to reach the steady-state drug
concentration.

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CALCULATING CP AT ANY TIME POINTS

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1. Input phase
2. Infusion stopped before reaching Css
2 3. At Css
1 4. Infusion stopped at Css

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CALCULATING CP AT ANY TIME POINTS

1. Input Phase (Before Css)

Cp0 Output/elimination: e-kt

𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

2. Infusion stopped before reaching Css

𝑅
. ( 1− 𝑒 ) . 𝑒− 𝑘 .𝑡𝑝𝑖
− 𝑘𝑡
𝐶𝑝 =
𝑉𝑑 . 𝑘

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 3. At Css
At Css, t is >>>, therefore e-kt is 𝑅
𝑅 −𝑘 .𝑡 getting smaller (reaching zero). So, 𝐶𝑝= .(1 −0)
𝐶𝑝= .(1 −𝑒 ) 𝑉𝑑 . 𝑘
𝑉𝑑 . 𝑘
𝑅
𝐶𝑝=
𝑉𝑑 . 𝑘

4. Infusion Stopped at Css

Cp0

𝑅 𝐶𝑝=𝐶𝑝 ° . 𝑒 −𝑘 . 𝑡𝑝𝑖
𝐶𝑝 = . 𝑒− 𝑘 . 𝑡𝑝𝑖
𝑉𝑑 . 𝑘

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CUSTOMIZE THIS TEMPLATE

THANK YOU

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