Anemia

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Red blood cells- carry the oxygen you breathe
from your lungs to all parts of your body.
White blood cell-helpkeep germs from
causing infection.
Platelets- small parts of cell that help make
bleeding stop by forming a clot (scab) over the
hurt area.
Plasma- the liquid portion of blood, which has
clotting factor that help make bleeding stop.
 Your Brand

ANEMIA The term anemia describes a

condition in which the number of
red blood cells (RBC) or the
hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration
is reduced below normal values for
age.
 This diminishes the
oxygen capacity of the
blood, causing a
reduction in the
oxygen available to
the tissues.
Anemia is the most common hematologic disorder
of infancy and childhood and is not a disease itself
but an indication or manifestation of
an underlying pathologic process.

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 Types of Anemia

1.Aplastic anemia
2.Iron deficiency anemia
3.Sickle cell anemia
4.Thalassemia
5.Vitamin deficiency anemia
(Pernicious Anemia)
 Classification
1.Etiology or physiology- manifested by
erythrocytes or hemoglobin depletion.

2.Morphology- the characteristic

changes in RBC’s size, shape, color

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 Red blood cell
morphology
Size (Cell Size)
Variation in RBC sizes (anisocytosis)
Normocytes (normal cell size)
Microcytes (smaller cell size)
Macrocytes (larger than normal cell size)
 Red blood cell
morphology
Shape (Cell Shape)
Variation in RBC shapes (poikilocytosis)
Spherocytes (globular cells)
Drepanocytes (sickle-shapes cells)
Numerous other irregularly shaped cells

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 Red blood cell
morphology
Color (Cell Staining Characteristics)
Variation in hemoglobin concentration in RBC
Normochromic (sufficient or normal amount of
hemoglobin per RBC)
Hypochromic (reduced amount of
hemoglobin per RBC)
Hyperchromic (increased amount of
hemoglobin per RBC)
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 Consequences of Anemia

The basic physiologic defect caused by anemia is a

decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and
consequently a reduction in the amount of oxygen available
to the cells.

When anemia has developed slowly, the child usually

adapts to the declining Hgb level.
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The effects of anemia on the circulatory system can
be profound. The viscosity of the blood depends
almost entirely on the concentration of RBCs, the
resulting hemodilution of severe anemia decreases
peripheral resistance, causing greater quantities of
blood to return to the heart. The increased
circulation and turbulence within the heart
produce a murmur.

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 Because the cardiac
workload is greatly
increased, especially during
exercise, infection, or
emotional stress cardiac
failure may ensue.

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 Diagnostic
Evaluation
In general anemia may be suspected based on findings on history and
physical examination,such as lack of energy, easy fatigue ability, and
pallor.

CBC- Complete blood count decreased RBCs and

decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
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•Although anemia is defined as an Hgb
level below 10 or 11 g/dl, this arbitrary
cutoff is inappropriate for all children

because Hgb levels normally vary with

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 Therapeutic Management
The objective of medical management is to reverse the
anemia by treating the underlying cause and to make up
for any deficiency of blood component, or substance the
blood needs for normal functioning.

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 Your @reallygreatsite
Brand

In patient with severe anemia, supportive medical care may include oxygen
therapy, bed rest, and replacement of intravascular volume with
intravenous fluids.
The prognosis of anemia depends on the correction of the cause.
Nursing Care Management
Prepare the child and
family for laboratory test

Explain the significance of each test,

particularly why the test is not all
done at one time.
Encourage parents or another supportive
person to be with the child during
the
procedure.
Allow the child to play with the equipment on
 Decrease tissue oxygen needs
Assess the child’s energy level and
minimize excess demands.
During periods of rest, the nurse takes vital signs and observes
behavior to establish a baseline of nonexertion energy expenditures.
During periods of activity, the nurse repeats these measurements
and observations to compare with the resting values.
 Prevent
complications
Children who are severely anemic that they are hospitalized
require oxygen to prevent or reduced tissue hypoxia.
may

Because these children are susceptible to infection, every

effort is expended to prevent exposure to infectious
agents.
All of the usual precautions are taken to prevent infection, such
as practicing thorough hand washing, selecting appropriate
room in a noninfectious area, restricting visitors or hospital
personnel with active infection, and maintaining adequate
nutrition.
 The nurse also
observes for signs
of infection,
particularly
temperature
elevation and
leukocytosis.
Your Brand @reallygreatsite

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