Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.6 Documentation 33
PART2
2.7 Conclusion 33
The Nutrition Care Process
D Nutrition Assessment: Foundation
D Overview: The Nutrition Care of the Nutrition Care Process 38
Process 18
3.1 Introduction 39
2.1 Improving Health and Nutrit ional Stat us
through Nutrition Care 19 3.2 Nutritional Status 39
Table of Contents v
3.3 An Overview: Nutrition Assessment and Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of
Screening 40 BIA Measurements 58
Subjective and Objective Data 40 Nutrition Care Indicator: Hydrostatic (Underwater)
Weighing 58
Subjective Data Collection 41
Nutrition Care Indicator: Dual Energy X-Ray
Client History 41 Absorptiometry 59
Information Regarding Education, Learning, and
Nutrition Care Indicator: Ultrasound 59
Motivation 43
Nutrition Care Indicator: Air Displacement
Tools for Data Collection 44
Plethysmography 59
3.4 Food- and Nutrition-Related History 45 3.7 Biochemical Assessment and Medical Tests
Nutrition Care Indicator: Twenty-Four-Hour Recall 45 and Procedures 60
Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Record/Food Diary 46 Protein Assessment 60
Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Frequency 46 Somatic Protein Assessment 60
Nutrition Care Indicator: Observation of Food Visceral Protein Assessment 61
lntake/"Calorie Count" 49
lmmunocompetence Assessment 63
3.5 Evaluation and Interpretation of Dietary Nutrition Care Indicator: Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC) 63
Analysis Information 49 Nutrition Care Indicators for Hematological
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Assessment 63
Using the U.S. Dietary Guidelines 49 Hemoglobin (Hgb) 63
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Hematocrit (Hct) 63
Using the USDA MyPlate Tools 49
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 64
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 64
Using Choose Your Foods: Food Lists for Diabetes!
Weight Management 49 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 64
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Ferritin 64
Using Individual Nutrient Analysis 49 Transferrin Saturation 64
Web-based Dietary Analysis 50 Protoporphyrin 64
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Serum Folate 64
Using Dietary Reference Intakes and Daily Values 50 Serum B12 64
3.6 Anthropometric/Body Composition Vitamin and Mineral Assessment 64
Measurements 51 Other Labs with Clinical Significance 64
Anthropometrics 51 3.8 Nutrition Care Criteria: Nutrition-Focused
Nutrition Care Indicator: Height/Stature/Length 51 Physical Findings 65
Nutrition Care Indicator: Weight 53
3.9 Nutrition Care Criteria : Functional
Nutrition Care Criteria: Eva luation and Interpretation of
Height and Weight in Infants and Children 53 Assessment 65
Growth Charts 53 3.1 0 Nutrition Care Criteria: Energy and Protein
Body Mass Index 53 Requirements 67
Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation of Measurement of Energy Requirements 67
Height and Weight in Adults 53 Estimation of Energy Requirements 68
Usual Body Weight 53 Energy Requirements Based on DR/ 69
Percent Usual Body Weight and Percent Weight Activity Factor 69
Change 55
Stress Factors 70
Reference Weights 55
Measurement of Protein Requirements 70
Body Mass Index 55
Estimation of Protein Requirements 70
Waist Circumference 55
RDA for Protein 70
Body Composition 55
Protein Requirements in Metabolic Stress, Trauma, and
Nutrition Care Indicator: Skinfold Measurements 56 Disease 70
Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of
Skinfold Measurements 57 3.11 Interpretation of Assessment Data:
Nutrition Care Indicator: Bioeleetrical Impedance Nutrition Diagnosis 71
Analysis (BIA) 58 3.1 2 Conclusion 71
vi Table of Contents
El Nutrition Intervention, Nutrition Aspiration 107
Monitoring and Evaluation 76 Dehydration 107
Electrolyte Imbalances 107
4.1 Introduction 77 Underfeeding or Overfeeding 107
4.2 Nutrition Prescriptions 78 Hyperglycemia 108
Refeeding Syndrom e 108
4.3 Food and/or Nutrient Delivery (Oral Diets) 79
Modification of Meals and Snacks 79 5.3 Parenteral Nutrition 108
Supplement s 81 Ind ications 11 0
Me dical Food Supplements 8 1 Venous Access D evices 110
Mo dified Be ve rages and Foods 82 Short-Term VADs 111
Vitam in and Mineral Su pplements 82 Long-Term VAD 111
Bioactive Substance Management 83 Solut io ns 112
Feeding A ssistance and Feeding Environment 83 PN Substrates 112
Nutrition-Related Medication Management 83 Protein 112
Carbohydrate 113
4.4 Nutrition Education 84
Lipid 113
4.5 Nutrition Counseling 85 Electrolytes 113
C ounseling Skills 85 Vitamins and Minerals 114
Theoretical Basis/Approach for Nutrition Counseling 87 Medications 114
Counseling Strat egies 87 N utrition A ssessment and Intervention: D et ermination of
4.6 Coordination of Nutrition Care 89 t he PN Prescription 11 5
Administratio n 115
4.7 Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation 89
M onitoring and Eva luation: Complicat ions 115
4.8 Conclusion 90
5.4 Special Considerations 11 8
Transit iona l Feedings 118
D Enteral and Parenteral
Ho me PN 118
Nutrition Support 92
5.5 Initiation of Home PN 11 8
5.1 Introduction: Planning and Implementation
M o nito ring Home PN 118
of Nutrition Interventions w ith Enteral and
PN Product Shortages 119
Parenteral Nutrition Support 93
Cli nical Ethics 119
5 .2 Enteral Nutrition 94
5.6 Conclusion 11 9
Indications 94
GI Access 95
Formulas 98
D Nutrition Informatics and
Documentation of the Nutrition
Protein 99
Carbohydrate 99
Care Process 123
Lipid 100 6.1 Introduction 124
Vitamins/Minerals 100 Brief History of N utrition Inform atics 124
Fluid and Nutrient Density 101 ANDH ll 124
Regulation of Enteral Formula Manufacture 102 Electro nic Clinical Qua lity M easure-Electronic Clinica l
Cost 102 Quality Measure 125
Feeding Initiat io n and A dvancement 102 Standard ized Term inology 125
Feeding D elivery Met hods 102 6 .2 Charting : Documentation of the NCP 126
Eq uip ment 102 Standardized Language and M ed ica l Abbreviations 127
N utrition Assessment and Intervention: D etermination of Problem-Oriented Medical Records 127
t he EN Prescription 103 Orga nization of Nutrition Documentation 128
M o nit o ring and Evaluation: Complications 104 SOAP 128
Tube- Re lated Complications 105 Problem, Etiology, Signs/ Symptoms Statements
GI Complications 105 (PES) 129
Table of Contents ix
119 Nutritional Genomics 208 Distribution of Drugs 240
Metabolism of Drugs 240
10.1 Introduction 210
Excretion of Drugs 240
10.2 Nutritional Genomics: Nutrigenetics, Alterations in Drug Pharmacokinetics 241
Nutrigenomics, and Nutritional Altered GI Absorption 241
Epigenomics 211 Altered Distribution 241
10.3 An Overview of the Structure and Function Altered Metabolism 241
of Genetic Material 213 Altered Urinary Excretion 242
Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Genome Structure 213 How Foods and Drugs Interact 242
Translating the Message from DNA to Protein 215 Effect of Nutrition on Drug Action 242
Transcription and Translation 216 Effect of Nutrition on Drug Dissolution 242
Genetic Variation 216 Effect of Nutrition on Drug Absorption 242
Inheritance 216 Effect of Nutrition on Drug Metabolism 242
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms 218 Effect of Nutrition on Drug Excretion 243
Other Polymorphisms 218 Nutritional Complications Secondary to
Epigenetic Regulation 219 Pharmacotherapy 244
x Table of Contents
12.3 Overweight and Obesity 260 Underweight 283
Assessment and Identification of Overweight and Possible Nutrition Diagnoses 284
Obesity 260 Underweight in Infants and Ch ild ren 284
Body Composition 260 Nutrition Intervention 284
Body Mass Index 260 Monitoring/ Evaluation 284
Body Fat Distribution 261
12.5 Eating Disorders 284
Waist Circumference 263
Diagnosis and Behavioral Manifestations 284
Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio 263
Anorexia Nervosa 285
Epidemiology 263
Bulimia Nervosa 285
Socioeconomic Status: Race, Gender, and Education 263
Binge Eating Disorder 285
Adverse Health Consequences of Overweight and
Obesity 263 Common Features 286
Psychosocial and Emotional Consequences 263 Epidemiology of Eating Disorders 287
Nut rition Therapy for Diverticulosis/ D iverticulitis 424 Hepat itis A Virus 447
Nutrition Assessment 424 Serum Hepatitis or Hepatitis B Virus 447
Nutrition Diagnosis 424 Hepatitis C Virus 447
Nutrition Intervention 424 Hepatitis D and E Virus 448
Common Surgical Interventions for the Lower GI Nut rit ion Therapy for Viral Hepatit is 448
Tract 424 Nutritional Im plications 448
Jejunostomy, lleostomy, and Colostomy 425 Nutrition Assessme nt 448
Nutrition Therapy for Jejunostomy, lleost omy, and Nutrition Diagnosis 450
Colost omy 425 Nutrition In tervention 450
Nutrition Intervention 425 Monitoring and Evaluation 451
Short Bowel Syndrome 426 Alco ho lic Liver D isease 451
Definition 426
16.5 Nutritional Implications of ALO 452
Epidemiology 427
Nut rit ion Assessment 452
Etiology 427
Nutrition Diagnosis 453
Pathophysiology 427
Nutrition In tervention 453
Treatment 427
Monitoring and Evaluat ion 456
Nutrition Therapy for Short Bowel Syndrome 428
Fatty Liver 456
Nutrition A ssessm ent 428
Nutrition Implications for NAFLD 457
Nutrition Diag nosis 428
Nutrition Th erapy for NA FLD 457
Nutrition Intervention 428
Cirrhosis 459
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 429
Clinical Manifestations 459
Definition 429
Treatment 460
Pathophysiology 429
Nut rit io n Therapy for Cirrhosis 460
Clinical Manifestations 429
Nutritional Implications 460
Treatment 429
Nutrition A ssessment 460
Nut rition Therapy for SIBO 429
Nutrition Diag nosis 46 1
Intestinal Transplantation 429
Nut rit io n Interventio n 461
Nutrition Therapy for Intestinal Transplantation 429
Energy 46 1
15.4 Conclusion 429
Table of Contents xv
Vitamins and Minerals 461 mi.I Diseases of the Endocrine
Other Considerations 461 System 477
Monitoring and Evaluation 461
Liver Transplant 461
17 .1 Int rod uctio n 479
Nutrition Therapy for Liver Transplant 461 17 .2 Normal Anatomy and Physio logy of the
Nutritional Implications 461 Endocrine System 481
Nutrition Assessment 461 Classification of Hormones 481
Nutrition Diagnosis 461 Endocrine Function 482
Nutrition Intervention 462 Pituitary Gland 482
Monitoring and Evaluation 462 Thyroid Gland 482
Pathophysiology of the Biliary System 462 Adrenal Glands 482
Cholelithiasis (Gallstones) 462 Endocrine Pancreas 484
Biliary Obstruction 463 Endocrine Control of Energy Metabolism 484
Cholecystitis 463 Insulin 485
Cholangitis 463 Glucagon 487
Nutrition Therapy for Cho lelithiasis 463 17 .3 Pathophysiology of t he Endocrine
Nutritional Implications 463 Syste m 487
Nutrition Assessment 464
17 .4 Dia bet e s 488
Nutrition Diagnosis 464
Type 1 Diabetes 489
Nutrition Intervention 464
Epidemiology 489
Monitoring and Evaluation 464
Etiology 489
16.6 Pat hophysiology of t he Exocrine Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations 491
Pancreas 464 Type 2 Diabetes 491
Acute Pancreatitis 464 Epidemiology 491
Etiology 464 Etiology 492
Pathophysiology 465 Pathophysiology 492
Medical Diagnosis 465 Metabolic Syndrome 492
Signs/Symptoms 465 Clinical Manifestations 492
Medical Treatment 465 Prediabetes (Increased Risk for Diabetes) 493
Nutrition Implications 465 Diagnosis of Diabetes 494
Assessment 465 A 1C (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) 494
Diagnosis 465 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 494
Intervention 465 Islet Cell Autoantibodies 496
Monitoring and Evaluation 467 Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies 496
Chronic Pancreatitis 467 Islet Cell Autoantibodies 496
Etiology 467 Insulin Autoantibodies 496
Pathophysiology 467 C-Peptide 496
Medical Treatment 468 Medical Treat ment of Diabetes 496
Nutrition Implications 469 Insulin 499
Nutrition Assessment 469 Types of Insulin 499
Nutrition Diagnosis 469 Determining Insulin Doses 500
Nutrition Intervention 469 Insulin Regimens 500
Monitoring and Evaluation 469 Syringes and Pens 502
Pancreatic Surgery 469 Insulin Pumps 502
Nutrition Implications 470 Medications for T2DM 503
Nutrition Intervention 470 Bariatric Surgery 504
Monitoring and Evaluation 472 Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation 504
16.7 Conclusion 472 Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes 504
Nutritional Implications 504
xx Table of Contents
Etiology 633 21 .7 Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Obstructive
Pathophysiology 633 Pulmonary Disease 657
Treatment 633 Nutrit ion Assessment and Diagnosis 657
20.14 Nutrition Therapy for Spinal Cord A nthropometric Measureme nts 658
Injury 633 Medication Use 658
Nut ritional Implications 633 Physical Activity and Function 658
Nutrition Diagnosis 633 Nutrit ion Intervent ion 658
Nutrition Intervention 633 Energy and Nutrient Needs 658
Monitoring and Evaluation 634 Pulmonary Rehabilitation 659
22.8 Nutrition Therapy for Burns 689 23.7 Nutrition Therapy for Individuals
Nut rition Assessment 689 with Cancer 714
Nutrition Diagnosis 689 Nutritional Implicat ions 715
Nutrition Intervent ion 690 Nutrit ion Assessment 715
Determining Nutrient Requirements 715
22.9 Surgery 690
Nutrition Diagnosis 716
Definition 690
Nutrition Intervention 716
Epidemiology 690
Interventions for Common Side Effects of Cancer
Etiology 690
and Treatment 716
Clinical Manifestations 691
Early Satiety 717
Nutrition Assessment 691
Mucositis 717
Language: Finnish
Romaani
Kirj.
KAARLO TERHI
"Kuka teistä lyö vetoa siitä, etten minä ole naimisissa ennen
tämän vuoden loppua?"
"Jos joku herroista on ilman portinavainta, niin hän voi tilata sen
minun välitykselläni."
"Aasi!"
"Kalle kulta!
Katriltasi.
Hän avasi käärön ja piti sitä ylhäällä. Se oli seinäkudos, johon oli
ommeltu soma mökki pienen lammen rannalla. Tuvan ikkunasta kiilui
tuli, takasta tuprusi sininen savu kohden korkeutta.
"Yhden…!"
"Kaksi… kolme… neljä… viisi…"
"Esimerkiksi?"
"Muun muassa se, että… että minä… että minä niin kamalasti
rakastan sinua."
Katri päästi vallattoman, iloisen naurun. Ja kietoen taas kätensä
kaulaani hän puheli:
"Ei, Katriseni", sanoin minä, "me emme eroa, Minä olen tehnyt
päätökseni, enkä peruuta sitä. Ja sitä paitsi… veto… tiedäthän…"
"En minä kehtaa sinun kanssasi kävellä, ellet hanki oikeata hattua.
Sulhasmiehen pitää olla moitteettomasti puettu."
Estääkseni enempien vihollisuuksien puhkeamisen lupasin ostaa
uuden pääkappaleen — niin pian kuin saan rahoja. Viimeiset sanani
olivat strateeginen liike, jonka tarkoitus oli turvata avoin
peräytymistie.
*****
Katri tuli nyt vasta hupsuksi, ilosta, ja aikoi suin päin syöksyä
sedän kaulaan, mutta minä sain onneksi hihasta kiinni.