wars and

aristocracy
Aristocracy
The concept evolved in Ancient Greece,
whereby a council of leading citizens was
commonly empowered and contrasted with
representative democracy, in which a council of
citizens was appointed as the "senate" of a city
state or other political unit. The Greeks did not
like the concept of monarchy, and as their
democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.
Wars : the world war II
World War II or the Second World
War, often abbreviated as WWII or
WW2, was a global war that lasted
from 1939 to 1945. It involved the
vast majority of the world's countries
—including all of the great powers—
forming two opposing military
alliances: the Allies and the Axis
powers.
Chronology
The war in Europe is generally considered
to have started on 1 September 1939
beginning with the German invasion of
Poland; the United Kingdom and France
declared war on Germany two days later.
The dates for the beginning of war in the
Pacific include the start of the Second
Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937 or the
earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria,
on 19 September 1931.
Pre-war events
• Italian invasion of Ethiopia
(1935
• Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
• Japanese invasion of China
(1937)
• Soviet–Japanese border
conflicts
• European occupations and
agreements
Course of the war
• War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)
• Western Europe (1940–41)
• Mediterranean (1940–41)
• Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)
• War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)
• Axis advance stalls (1942–43)
• Allies gain momentum (1943–44)
• Allies close in (1944)
• Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944–45)
 Aftermath
The Allies established occupation administrations
in Austria and Germany. The former became a
neutral state, non-aligned with any political bloc.
The latter was divided into western and eastern
occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies
and the Soviet Union. A denazification
programme in Germany led to the prosecution of
Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the
removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this
policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration
of ex-Nazis into West German society.
 Holocaust survivors
Holocaust survivors are people who survived the
Holocaust, defined as the persecution and attempted
annihilation of the Jews by Nazi Germany and its
allies before and during World War II in Europe and
North Africa. There is no universally accepted
definition of the term, and it has been applied
variously to Jews who survived the war in German-
occupied Europe or other Axis territories, as well as
to those who fled to Allied and neutral countries
before or during the war. In some cases, non-Jews
who also experienced collective persecution under
the Nazi regime are also considered Holocaust
survivors. The definition has evolved over time.
Thank you