17th and 18th

Centuries

Lesson 10
 Baroque
Architects
 What is Baroque Architecture?

 Baroque architecture developed in Rome in the early 17th century, directly following the
Renaissance. Its popularity was directly tied to the Catholic Church which was increasingly re-
gaining influence at the time.

 The extravagant style of Catholic Baroque cast a striking contrast to the austere and modest style
of protestant churches. It quickly spread from central Italy to France, the Iberian peninsula, and
Austria.

 Baroque is characterized primarily by its opulence, whether it be in rich ornamentation or liberal

use of gold. Other elements frequently used were twisted columns and forced perspective.

 Although earliest examples are ecclesial, Baroque architecture soon took over civilian life as well.
Today, it is recognized as one of the major architectural styles in Europe.
 10 Example of Baroque Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane St. Paul’s Cathedral
Santiago de Compostela
Cathedral Royal Palace of Madrid St. Nicholas Church
Paoay Church San Agustin Church Santa Maria della
Victtoria
Granada Cathedral
17th Century Art and Most
Significant artists of the
Baroque Period
The tense and extravagant Baroque movement
defined the art of the 17th century. The Baroque
Period was distinguished by exaggerated dynamism
and clear detail that aimed to create drama and
grandeur in sculpture, painting and architecture.

The style is said to have started around 1600 in

Rome before spreading across Europe. It was heavily
influenced and encouraged by the Catholic church,
which used it to communicate religious themes, war
imagery, and aristocrats who appreciated the
exuberance. The artists of the time focused on
depicting natural images, steeped in intense emotions
and exaggerated through the play of light and
shadow. It was both simplistic and melodramatic in
its form, glorifying the church and monarchy.
Baroque Period Artist: Michaelangelo Merisi
da Caravaggio, 1571 - 1610
The Incredulity of St. Thomas

Though technically a 16th century artist, the Italian

Caravaggio significantly influenced Baroque art. His
paintings were a clear departure from the art conventions
of Mannerism – the dominant art form of the 16th
century – with his dramatic use of light and shadow and
his realistic depictions of objects and people. Caravaggio
defined the use of chiaroscuro (artistic play of light and
shadows), and through this use he was able to create
realistic figures and saturate his art with drama and
tension. These elements found their way into the works of
the most important Baroque artists.
Francis of Assisi
The Martyrdom of St. Matthew Bacchus
Baroque Period Artists: Peter
Paul Rubens, 1577 - 1640
The Incredulity of St. Thomas

Rubens was a prolific, and possibly the most

famous, Baroque painter. His style mirrored
Caravaggio closely and his work usually
depicted religious figures. The main
distinguishing element of Rubens art was the
extreme emotion it expressed, but with minimal
detail. He also had a penchant for painting
curvaceous women, which gave rise to the term
“Rubenesque” for full-figured women.
Self - portrait
 Austria, Vienna, Cimon and
Consequences of War
Iphigenia
Rembrandt Harmenszoon
van Rijn, 1606 - 1669
The Holy Family

Rembrandt was a great rival of Rubens and the leading

Dutch artist of his time and in the centuries that
followed. He was a pervasive artist who dabbled in
sketching, oil painting and etching. Rembrandt’s
Baroque paintings depicted biblical scenes, history, and
self-portraits – a departure from the landscapes and still
lifes his contemporaries painted. True to Baroque period
style, his works were dramatic and dynamic, and he was
a master at handling glowing light against dark
backgrounds, and using thick brush strokes to emote on
the canvas.
The Anatomy Lesson of
Dr. Nicholaes Tulp The Bridal Couple
Baroque Period Artist:
Gian Lorenzo Bernini,
1598 - 1680
Apollo and Daphne

Bernini was an Italian artist, the leading sculptor

and architect of his age, and the successor of the
renowned Michelangelo. His work was defined
by his ability to combine dynamism, intense
emotion and naturalism – the defining features of
Baroque art – in his marble masterpieces. These
pieces marked a clear departure from the austere,
classical sculptures that lacked fluidity.
The Ecstacy of St. Beata Ludovica
Theresa Albertoni
The Fountain of the Four Rivers
Palladianism and the English
stately home:
18th Century
 INTRO

Palladianism is a classical style, fashionable in Britain

between 1715 and 1760, based on the designs of the
16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio
(1508 – 80). Palladio had a profound influence on
European architecture from the 17th century,
reinterpreting the forms and ornament of ancient
Roman buildings to create an architecture based on
symmetry, proportion and perspective.

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)

 I quattro libri dell'architettura
 (The Four Books of Architecture)

.
 INTRO

Palladianism is a classical style, fashionable in Britain

between 1715 and 1760, based on the designs of the
16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio
(1508 – 80). Palladio had a profound influence on
European architecture from the 17th century,
reinterpreting the forms and ornament of ancient
Roman buildings to create an architecture based on
symmetry, proportion and perspective.

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)

 Palladian Classicism

In the early 18th century Palladianism was established as an aesthetic

norm in England. A new generation of architects, particularly Colen
Campbell and Lord Burlington, encouraged a re-appraisal of Palladio
and Jones and set about reviving their architecture. A process aided by
the first complete translation of the Four Books of Architecture into
English from 1716 and the first volume of Campbell’s Vitruvius
Britannicus (1715), a folio of 100 engravings of contemporary
“classical” buildings in Britain (two more volumes followed in 1717
and 1725), the designs of which had enormous influence in England
Vitruvius Britannicus, or
The British Architect by
by Colen Campbell (1676
– 1729)
 Characteristics of
Palladianism

• Highly symmetrical
• Palladian Window or Serliana
• Temple front:
• Plain exteriors
• Interiors richly decorated
• Soft furnishing, accessories,
and ornaments:
• Furniture

Wanted House by Campbell

Indigo Jones (1573-1652) and Early Palladianism in England

Burlington was an enthusiastic promoter of

Palladianism (he had sponsored the English
translation of Palladio's The Four Books of
Architecture) and from combining Italian and
Jonesian sources, he formed a classically correct
style that was uniquely British. It was as applicable
to the smallest terraced house as it was to the
grandest mansion, setting the pattern for British
architecture for the next 100 years. .
La Ronda by Palladio

.
Queen’s House in Greenhouse by  The Banqueting House at
Jones Whitehall (1619–22)
Chiswick House by Burlington
Houghton Hall by Campbell
 Preliminary design for Lord Burlington's house at
Chiswick, from ‘The Designs of Inigo Jones
Consisting of Plans and Elevations for Publick [sic]
and Private Buildings

Console table for Chiswick House, designed

by William Kent, carved by John Boson,
about 1727 – 32. England.
 Neoclassicism:
18th century and 19th century
Neoclassicism: 18th century
and 19th century
 Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, meaning ‘new classicism’ (‘classicus’ means ‘highest’ or ‘best’ in

Latin), refers to a movement in the 18th and 19th Centuries which took
inspiration from the Classical worlds of ancient Greece (8th to 4th Centuries BC)
and Rome (5th to 1st Centuries BC).

Neoclassicism grew to encompass all of the arts, including painting, sculpture, the
decorative arts, theatre, literature, music, and architecture. The style can generally
be identified by its use of straight lines, minimal use of color, simplicity of form
and, of course, its adherence to classical values and techniques.
 The Neoclassical style is used
more generally to describe
any piece of art or
architecture, from the 18th
Century onwards, which takes
inspiration from Classical
culture: whether that means
using motifs and ideas from
Classical art, or outright
copying it.

The Artist Moved to Despair at the Grandeur

of Antique Fragments
The Age of Enlightenment and Neoclassicism

The 18th Century 

Age of Enlightenment in Europe
was one of the most significant
periods in the entire history of the
continent, transforming its
philosophy, politics, society and
culture. The new emphasis placed
on reason and the scientific method
led to a whole host of important
works of philosophy, scientific
advances and new academic
disciplines.
Winckelmann and Neoclassical philosophy

The year 1755 also saw the publication of another

influential book, which, largely based on
archaeology, provided the blueprint for the
Neoclassical style: German art critic Johann
Joackim Winckelmann’s Reflections on the
Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks.

In his book, Winckelmann formulated the

aesthetic philosophy which was to provide
the backbone of the Neoclassical movement:
appreciation for harmony, proportion,
symmetry all as expressions of a kind of ideal
beauty which could not be found in nature. 
 Neoclassical Paintings

Neoclassical painting is characterized by the use of straight lines, a smooth paint surface
hiding brush work, the depiction of light, a minimal use of color, and the clear, crisp
definition of forms. Its subject matter usually relates to either Greco-Roman history or
other cultural attributes, such as allegory and virtue. 

The Oath of the Horatii (1784) Virgil Reading to Augustus (1812)

 Neoclassical Paintings

Self-Portrait by Marie-Guillemine Theseus and Pirithoüs Clearing the Earth of Brigands, Deliver Two Women from
the Hands of Their Abductors by Angélique Mongez (1806)
Benoist (1788)
 Neoclassical Sculpture

As with painting, Neoclassicism made

its way into sculpture in the second
half of the 18th century. In addition to
the ideals of the Enlightenment, the
excavations of the ruins at Pompeii
began to spark a renewed interest in
classical culture. Whereas Rococo
sculpture consisted of small-scale
asymmetrical objects focusing on
themes of love and gaiety, neoclassical
sculpture assumed life-size to
monumental scale and focused on Voltaire’s tomb.: Panthéon, Paris.
themes of heroism, patriotism, and
virtue.
 Neoclassical Sculpture

Monument to Copernicus by Bertel Hebe by Antonio Canova Bust of George Washington by Jean-
Thorvaldsen (1822–30)  (1800–05) Antoine Houdon (c. 1786)
 Neoclassical Architecture
Of all the art forms, Neoclassicism had the
greatest and most long-lasting impact on
architecture. Indeed, many of the most important
buildings across the world, built since the 18th
Century, have been constructed in the
Neoclassical style. These include museums,
galleries, theatres, university buildings, and
important state buildings. Neoclassical
architecture is traditionally thought to have
developed in two phases: first was
the Palladian period and Then, from 1750, we
see ‘High Neoclassicism’, or often simply
Neoclassicism. It differed from Palladianism in
that, instead of being Roman in style, it
The Palace Square Facade of the Winter Palace in St Petersburgincorporated features taken from Greek buildings
as well.
 Neoclassical Architecture

Chiswick House, London Osterley Park in West London, designed by Robert Adam
The European quest for
porcelain: 16th – 17th
century
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

After the establishment of a Portuguese trading post on

Macao in 1557, the first few examples of Chinese
porcelain (as opposed to earthenware) find their way to the
courts of Europe. In English the early term ‘China-ware'
gradually becomes abbreviated and more widely applied.

Start!
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

● This exquisitely fine and

simple porcelain wine cup was
made in the Qing Te Zhen
kilns during the reign of the
Yongle emperor, the third in
the Ming dynasty.
● Barlow Collection,
University of Sussex.

Yongle wine cup (porcelain).

 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

There are now attempts to create European

ceramics of this kind, but the Chinese secret is
yet to be discovered. It is difficult to achieve
because of the translucent quality of the material.

The result is a convincing imitation of true

porcelain, but slightly softer. It is first
successfully made at the Medici court in Florence
in the 1570s, remarkably soon after the arrival of
the first Chinese examples.
The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

During the 17th century imports of China become

much more common, particularly of delicate wares to
accommodate Europe's new craze of tea-drinking.
From 1664 Louis XIV grants privileges to a few
potters to attempt porcelain. Their experiments lead
eventually to the great 18th-century tradition of French
pottery of which Sèvres (a factory founded at
Vincennes in 1738 and moved to Sèvres in 1756) is the
leading example. English porcelain begins at much the
same time, at Chelsea in about 1743.
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

National Museum
of Ceramics,
Sèvres, France.
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

• Porcelain was made from 1745 at

Chelsea, the first of the English
porcelain factories. On most wares
up to 1750 the Chelsea mark was a
triangle (followed from that year by
anchors of differing colours), but the
right-hand piece of this pair bears a
rare violet-anchor mark.
• Wernher Collection, Luton Hoo
Two Chelsea porcelain figures in
Turkish costume, c.1748.
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

Both the French and the English
porcelain of the 18th century is of the
artificial kind using powdered glass -
with the frequent addition in England of
ash from charred bones, beginning the
specifically British tradition of bone
China.
Porcelain of this kind is known as soft-paste
porcelain. It is less hard than true porcelain (it
can be cut with a file) and it is fired at a lower
temperature (1200°C as opposed to 1450°C).
Those who make porcelain of this kind in the
18th century are well aware that the true
porcelain of China is different and superior.
 The European quest for porcelain: 16th-
17th century

True porcelain contains two substances known from their Chinese names as kaolin (a
very fine white clay) and petuntse (a rock which fuses at a high temperature to form
natural glass). When the secret is discovered in Europe, the ingredients are at first
imported from China. But they can be mined also in Europe, where they are known as
China clay and China stone (or feldspar).

The secret of true porcelain is found independently in France and England during the
1760s. But both nations are half a century behind the Germans. True porcelain is
manufactured at Meissen from 1710.
THANK YOU!
 Let's travel!

Describe the picture to your team. When you have

guessed the monument, put it in its place on the
map!

Venus Mars Jupiter Neptune

Venus is the second Mars is actually a very Jupiter is the biggest It’s the farthest planet
planet from the Sun cold place planet from the Sun
 Birthday line up

The players:

05-03 12-11 11-07

Leonor Miller John Johnson Carolina Moore

24-02 18-06 03-10

John Smith Marie Patterson Marc Williams
Let’s travel!
 Quick quiz

Choose a question:

01 02 03
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3
 Question 1

According to their way of

eating, we consider the pigs
are...

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

 Question 2

What kind of animals are

bats?

Mammals Birds Reptiles

 Question 2

Try again!
 Question 2

Bats, although they fly like birds,

Mammals are mammalian animals. In fact,
they are the only mammals that can
fly!

Next
question
 Question 3

How many legs do all

arachnids have?

6 legs 8 legs 10 legs

 Question 3

Try again!
 Question 3

8 legs All arachnids have eight legs and

lack antennae.
 Scoreboard

Games Team 1 Team 2

Look into my eyes 10pt 5pt
Greetings, Your Majesty 20pt 3pt
Rock, Paper, Scissors Tag 3pt 2pt
Birthday Line Up 5pt 20pt
Let’s travel! 3pt 2pt
Quick quiz 20pt 10pt
TOTAL 61pt 42pt
A picture is worth a
thousand words
Diploma
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Taylor Boom
by

Slidesgo School
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