ENT 606

Advanced Insecticide Toxicology

Joint Action OF Insecticides

Presented By
Course teacher
Syed Mohamed Ibrahim S
Dr. Ambily Paul
2021-21-010
Associate Professor
Ph.D – 1st Year
Department of Entomology
Department of Entomology
College of Agriculture, Vellayani.
College of Agricuture, Vellayani.
Why we need the mixture or
combination ???.....
 Contents

1. Compatibility and Incompatibility

2. Joint pesticidal Mechanisms

3. Resistance Management

4. Mode of Action

5. Limitation
 Compatibility and Incompatibility
Compatibility
Pesticides are compatible when they can be
mixed and applied without reducing the
effectiveness or changing the physical and
chemical properties of the mixture.
It includes the different action such
1. Additive effect
2. Synergist/ Activation
3. Antagonist
Incompatibility

Two chemicals were mixed together such

reactions from the either of one chemical may
results in undesirable effect

It includes 3 types incompatibility

1. Chemical
2. Phytotoxic
3. Physical
Effect of mixing of incompatible chemicals

1. Reduced effectiveness
2. Precipitation

3. Clogging of spray equipments

4. Phytotoxicity
5. Excessive residues
6. Excessive run off
 Tests of compatibility
Combinations may either prove phytotonic or
phytotoxic sometimes
Physical and chemical tests undertaken for testing of
insecticide quality and formulations
1. Acidity and alkalinity test
2. Emulsion stability test
3. Wettability test
4. Sieve test
5. Bulk density test
6. Suspensability test
 Compatibility Chart
It gives the information on compatibility of
spray chemicals. It serve as an aid for
preliminary planning.

(Neves et al., 2021)

Joint pesticidal mechanisms

1. Synergist Action

2. Antagonist Action

3. Additive Action

4. Enhancement
 1) Synergist
Any chemical which itself is not toxic to insects as
dosage used, but when combined with an insecticides
greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticides

Process of activation is synergism

Help in penetration and stabilization of insecticides
and prevent the detoxification of insecticides.
(Kuhr and Dorough, 1976)
Common Synergist
 2) Negative Synergism
Antagonist: A substance, that has the opposite
effect which reduces the toxicity of an
insecticide
Eg: Piperonyl butoxide + malathion
(Srivasthava, 1996)
 1a) Auto synergism
A compound synergizes its own toxicity.
pouring a synergophore and toxophore in to
the same molecules

Eg: 3,4 - methylenedioxyphenol methyl

carbamate
(Kuhr and Dorough, 1976)
 1b) Quasi-synergism
Increase in the toxicity through the increase in
cuticular penetration
Synergists which enhance penetration, transport or
accessibility of insecticides without any inhibition of
detoxifying system.
Eg: Carbaryl – Thanite synergism
(Sun and Johnson, 1972)
 1c) Pseudo-synergism
Increase in the efficiency of insecticides by
stabilizing the droplet size of their sprays
Ensuring better and penetration contact of
insecticides with the insect body.
Eg: Oleic oil – Pyrethroids synergism
(Srivastava, 1996)
3,4) Additive and Enhancement Effect
Additive Effect
It occurs when mixing of two pesticides provide the same response
as the combined effect of each material when applied alone
The product neither hurt nor enhance each other, such mixes saves
time, labour and equipment usage
Enhancement Effect
The interaction which occurs when a pesticides mixed with an some
additives to provide the greater response than when applied alone
Eg: Mixing an adjuvant and pesticide
 Quantification of synergism

SR ratio =

≥ 10.5 = Synergism
0 – 0.95 = Antagonism
0.95- 1.05 = Additive action
Role of joint action of insecticides in
resistance management
Major factors that influences resistance
development

1. Frequency of application

2. Dosage and persistence of effect

3. Rate of reproduction
Mechanism Conferring Resistance
Overview of Resistance Mechanism
Resistance Management
1) Analytical tool
General concept of resistance management
Mode of Action of Synergists
Mode of Action of Synergists
 Advantages
• The combination products which save the time of
application, labour cost and equipments usage
• The combined products are readily available in
nature, so no need to worry about the formulation
of combination.
• They mainly used to delay or break the resistance
of insects.
• It helps to reduces the usage of insecticides on
the field and reduces the residue level in
environment.
 Limitation of mix insecticides
There is added cost to already expensive insecticides.

In some instance, formulation can be create critical problems

(This happens whether the insecticides and synergist in different
polarities)

The rates that can be applied to yield such positive effect are also
a limiting factors

A potentially important, but little investigated, phenomenon is

the differential impact of synergized mixtures on different signs
of toxicity in insects.
 Number of combination products registered under
CIBRC
• Number of combination insecticides registered
are 82
• Number of combination fungicides registered are
79
• Number of combination herbicides registered are
49
• Number of combination of insecticide and
fungicide are 3
• http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/registered-prod
ucts
Fungicide and insecticide combination approved by
CIBRC
• Azoxystrobin 2.5% + Thiophanate methyl 11.25
% + Thiamethoxam 25 % FS
• Flubendiamide 3.5 % + Hexaconzole 5 % WG

• Imidaclopride 18.5 % + Hexacanzole 1.5 % FS