GEOPHYSICS

LECTURE-3
T.AHMED ABDELRAOUF
AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY
HYDROGEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Magnetic Survey

Measurements of the magnetic field or its

components at a series of different locations
over an area of interest, usually with the
objective of locating concentrations of magnetic
materials or determining depth to basement.
Similarities Between Gravity and Magnetic

Geophysical exploration techniques that employ both gravity and magnetic

are passive.

Collectively, the gravity and magnetic methods are often referred to as

potential methods.

Identical physical and mathematical representations can be used to

understand magnetic and gravitational forces.

The acquisition, reduction, and interpretation of gravity and magnetic

observations are very similar
Differences Between Gravity and Magnetic

The fundamental parameter that controls gravity variations is

rock density.

The fundamental parameter controlling the magnetic field

variations is magnetic susceptibility.
Unlike the gravitational force, which is always attractive, the
magnetic force can be either attractive or repulsive.

A properly reduced gravitational field is always generated by

subsurface variations in rock density.

A properly reduced magnetic field, however, can have at least two

possible sources. It can be produced by induced magnetization, or
remnant magnetization.

Unlike the gravitational field, which does not change significantly

with time, the magnetic field is highly time dependent.
Magnetic Susceptibility

The intensity of magnetization, I, is related to the strength of the inducing

magnetic field, H, through a constant of proportionality, k, known as the
magnetic susceptibility.
I=κH
The magnetic susceptibility is a unitless constant that is determined by the
physical properties of the magnetic material. It can take on either positive or
negative values.

Positive values imply that the induced magnetic field, I, is in the same direction
as the inducing field, H. Negative values imply that the induced magnetic field
is in the opposite direction as the inducing field
Measurement and Units Associated with Magnetic
measurement

• Gamma
• 1 gamma =1.0 nT
= 1x10-5 gauss
= 1x10-9 weber/m2
How is the k related to Geology?
Susceptibilities of Rocks and Minerals
Material Susceptibility x 103 (SI)
Air ~ 0
Quartz - 0.01
Rock Salt - 0.01
Calcite - 0.001 - 0.01
Sphalerite 0.4
Pyrite 0.05 - 5
Hematite 0.5 - 35
Illmenite 300 - 3500
Magnetite 1200 - 19,200
Limestones 0-3
Sandstones 0 - 20
Shales 0.01 - 15
Schist 0.3 - 3
Gneiss 0.1 - 25
Slate 0 - 35
Granite 0 - 50
Gabbro 1 - 90
Basalt 0.2 - 175
Peridotite 90 - 200
Correction

• Same stratigy of gravity correction can be applied in magnatic survey

• The only corrections routinely made for are spatial variations in the
Earth's main magnetic field, which would be equivalent to latitude
corrections applied to gravity observations
Types of Survey

According to Station density:

Regional
Reconnaissance
Detail
 GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS
Observer   Date 30-10-87
Inst. No. W-1158 Toposheet No. J/15
Inst.Const. 0.08827 Party GP-48
  Station Time Observation Remarks
Chhindi   1217 1241.5  
  193 1242 1248.1  
  192 1300 1820.7  
  196 1317 1342.4  
  197 1330 1374.4  
  198 1342 1386.4  
  199 1402 1373.9  
Chhindi   1453 1242.3  
Preparation for Field Operation

• Project Report
• Planning of field work

Project Report :

• Survey area, objectives and personnel

• Toposheets
• Availability of GTS
• GM and topological survey instruments
• Vehicles and other camp equipment
Planning of field work

• Toposheets in 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scale

• GTS data
• Relevant data of earlier work, if any
• Instruments’ check
(LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Meter)
Thanks