Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. Deskriptif :
a. Prevalence
b. Secular trend analysis
c. Case report maupun case series
INTRODUCTION
3. Observational study (Analytic study):
a. Cross – sectional study
b. Cohort study
c. Case- Control study
a. Cross-sectional study
Are defined that both risk factors and the disease are examined
in the same time or at a single point in time
Disease outcome
Are defined by their exposure to the risk factors; i,e whether or not
they have a risk factor?
Prospective (Cohort) study
Sebaiknya di random
Harus di follow-up, sometimes for years
Jumlah sampel besar mahal
Prospektif cohort
Historical cohort
c. Case-control (retrospective) study
Are defined by their outcome to the disease; i.e whether or not they have a
disease
Prospectif (sewaktu pengumpulan kasus) ataupun murni
retrospektif
Case-control study
The cases must be selected on the basis of disease
Controls (non-cases): without disease
Ask about history of contact with or exposure to
supposed cause
Sangat tergantung medical record (catatan medis)
Tidak perlu follow – up cepat dan murah
Concepts of risk
Case control study
Case-control study
Odds Ratio (OR): the ratio of the Odds an
exposed person having the Disease to the
Odds of disease in the un exposed
It approximates the relative risk when the
health outcomes are rare.
Case-control study
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
+ _ Total
KEUNTUNGAN :
1. Kasus mudah didapat
2. Relatif cepat dan murah (Medical record atau death certificate)
3. Cocok untuk kasus yang jarang
4. Dapat mengevaluasi multiple etiologi
5. Jumlah sampel relatif kecil
KERUGIAN :
1. Kontrol sulit didapat
2. Recalling bias
3. Terbatas untuk satu dampak
4. Sulit melacak yang mati atau pindah
5. Sangat tergantung kelengkapan medical record