ICT

PRESENTATION

PRESENTED BY: RIMSHA FAISAL

CLASS: BS-IT
TOPIC:
STORAGE
STORAGE:
• Storage is a process through
which digital data is saved within
a data storage device by means
of computing technology.
• Storage is a mechanism that
enables a computer to retain
data, either temporarily or
permanently.
 HISTORY OF STORAGE:
• In 1951, magnetic core memory was first used in the
MIT Whirlwind computer.
• Core memory works by storing one bit of data on
tiny magnetic rings, or cores.
• The more magnetic cores you pack into a core
memory, the more data you can store on it.
• Core memory was the standard in computing from
1955 to 1975.
 STORAGE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS:

• Logical file representation

• Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit in a particular
folder on a particular drive
• Physical file representation
• Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium
using its physical location or locations
• Can be internal, external, or remote
• Storage devices are typically identified by
letter(C,D,E,F)

• Squential vs Random Acess :

• Random Acess allows data to be retrieved from any
location on the storage medium.
• Sequential access means retrieval of data can occur
only in the order in which it was physically stored
on the storage medium.
 STORAGE UNITS IN COMPUTER
Unit Description Example

Byte 8 bits A single character

Kilobyte 1024 bytes A small email is about 2 kilobytes

MP3 files take up about 1

Megabyte 1024 kilobytes
megabyte per minute

1 gigabyte can hold about 300 MP3

Gigabyte 1024 megabytes
songs
 REGISTERS:
• The storage areas inside CPU
• Larger the sizes of register, more the efficiency of
CPU function
• Data storage capacity is 34bits to 64bits
• It hold instruction or data that is currently
processing
Holds address for the
• Types of registers Address register AR
memory
1. Special purpose
2. General purpose
Accumulator AC Processor register

Instruction register IR Holds instruction code

Holds address of the

Program counter PC
instruction
 MAIN MEOMARY VS REGISTERS

The main difference between

register and main memory is :

• A register is a small and fast storage inside

the CPU that holds data temporarily
while
• the main memory is a storage component in
the computer that stores data and programs
currently used by the CPU
Types of Storage Technology Used:
• Magnetic (conventional hard
drives)
• Optical (optical discs)
• Electrons (flash memory media) 
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES:
1.Primary storage
devices(RAM,ROM)

2.Secondary storage
devices(Hard disk,CD-
ROM,USBB etc)

3.Cloud storage
DO YOU KNOW?
1.WHY INPUT DEVICES ARE SLOWER THEN
PRIMARY STORAGE?
It is because the speed of I/O devices
depends upon the mechanical movement of
the components of the devices.

2.What is meant by formatting disk?

Before storing data on the magnetic disk,it is
prepared through operating system.Actually
the disk’s surface is magnetically mapped.the
process of mapping the surface of disk is
called formatting of initializing.
 Primary Storage
In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store information for immediate
use in a computer or related computer hardware and digital electronic devices. 

RAM(random access memory):

• It is also know as main meomary.
• Data and instruction are stored temporarily.
• Volatile memory.
• IN PCs the size of RAM is 1GB TO 128GB.
• Improves dataprocesssimg speed.
• Types of RAM (DRAM,SRAM,MRAM)
ROM(read only memory):
• Internal memory.
• Non-volatile.
• ROM chips are called FIRMWARE.
• Data and instruction(BIOS) are
written at time of manufacturing.
• Types of
ROM(PROM,EPROM,EEPROM).
 Hard Drive:
• Used to store most programs and data.
• Can be internal or external.
• Can be encrypted.
• Non volatile storage device.

Magnetic Hard Drives:

One or more permanently sealed metal
magnetic disks with an access
mechanism and read/write heads
Types of Hard disk:
solid-state drives, magnetic drives, and hybrid
drives.
 Structure Of Hard disk:
Hard disks are divided into:
– Tracks
• Concentric path on disk where data is
recorded
– Sectors
• A small piece of the track
– Clusters
• One or more sectors; smallest addressable
area of a disk
– Cylinders
• Collection of tracks located in the same
location on a set of hard disk surfaces
 WORKING OF HARD DISK:
• Hard Disk memories store information on one or
more circular platters which are  continually
spinning.
• Each band of information in a given disk is called a
track.
• The tracks are commonly subdivided into pie-
shaped sections called sectors.
• Data are recorded on the tracks and read by using
read/write heads.
Floppy disk drives:
• A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy
drive, is a hardware device that
reads data storage information.
• It was invented in 1967 by a team at
IBM
• It was one of the first types of
hardware storage that could
read/write a portable device.
• FDDs are used for reading and
writing on removable floppy discs.
• 3½ disk capacity is 1.44 MB or
1,440,000 bytes.
 QUICK QUIZ:
1.WHAT IS CACHE MEMORY?
Cache memory is extremely fast than RAM.It plays very
important role in increasing the performance of a computer
system.it speeds up the processing speed of computer because
CPU stores frequently used instruction and data in it.

2.Which of the following is non-available memory?

a. RAM
b. Register
c. D-RAM
d. PROM

3.Storage media are nonvolatile. (TRUE/FALSE)

FLOPPY DISK:
• Also called floppy diskette
• It is a type of disk storage composed of a
thin and flexible disk It is made up of a
magnetic storage medium in a square or
nearly square plastic.
• physical floppy disks are largely obsolete

Zip disk:
• It is a removable floppy disk storage
system
• It was introduced by Iomega in late 1994.
• Considered medium-to-high-capacity at
the time of its release, Zip disks were
originally launched with capacities of 100
MB, then 250 MB, and finally 750 MB. 
Optical discs:
• Store data optically (using laser beams)
• Flat , round ,portable metal discs.
• Divided into sectors like magnetic discs but
use a single spiral track (groove)
• Data is stored in form of pits and lands are
used to represent 1s and 0s, the transition
between a pit and a land represents a 1; no
transition represents a 0
• Three categories of discs: CD, DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc
(BD)
Types of optical disk:
–Read-only:
Surface is molded or stamped to represent the data
–Recordable or rewritable:
Reflectivity of surface is changed by a laser
DVD: 
• It stands for DIGITAL VIDEO DISK.
• Its storage capacity is 4.7 GB (single layer)
• It uses red laser technology.

BLUE RAY TECHNOLOGY:

• New standard in storage
• New disks use blue laser light instead of the red laser
light used in traditional CD players
• Disks may ultimately hold over 25GB on single layer.
CD-ROM: 
It stands for“COMPACT DISK READ ONLY
MEMORY”.
Information can only be read.
Data is permanent stored on disk.
Its storage capacity is 650 MB.

CD-RW: 
• “CD-Read Write”
• A storage device that reads data from
CD’s and also can write data to CD’s.
• Similar to a CD-ROM, but has the
ability to write to CD.
Working of optical storage:
Solid-State Storage:

• Flash memory cards

• Widely used in notebook computers
• Used to record MP3 music files
• NO MOVING PART
• Connects to a USB port

examples:usb,flash memory card

USB FLASH DRIVE:
• Also know as “Pen drive or thumb
drive”.
• It is non-volatile.
• It storage capacity is upto 100gb.

FLASH MEMORY CARD:

• Removable flash memory card
• Widely used in digital cameras,pdas,cell
phones,notebooks.
• Types of flash memory:
• (Compact flash,multimedia card,smart media
card.)
 LITTLE INFORMATION

SMART CARD:
• Credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some
computer circuitry (processor, memory, and storage)
• –Stores small amount of data (about 64 KB or less)
• –Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital
cash or personal information
• –Smart card readers are built into or attached to a
computer, door lock, vending machine, or other
device
• –Some smart cards store biometric data
• –Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend
CBIS:
• Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is a data
processing system into a high-quality information
• It can be used as tools that support
1. decision-making,
2. coordination
3. control
4. visualization
5. analysis
CLOUD STORAGE:
A description of storage accessed over a network (remotely).
Cloud-based storage apps.i.e. Apple iCloud, Microsoft One Drive, and Google Cloud
Platform offer remote storage and syncing of user data.

TYPES OF CLOUD STORAGE:

DO YOU KNOW?
1.How database is stored on cloud?
Cloud storage works by using at least one data server connected to
the Internet. When a user sends files over the Internet to the data
server, the cloud storage saves a copy. When the user wants to
retrieve this information, they access the data server through a web-
based interface.

Q.What is RAID?
RAID stands for redundant array of independent disks. It is a group of
two or more hard disks that are integrated together. It is a more
reliable but expensive system. RAID system duplicates data for more
reliability in different ways.
QUICK QUIZ:
1. The capacity of the typical CD disc is __________.
a. 50 GB
b. 700 MB
c. 4.7 GB
2. True of False: A DVD-RW disc can be written to and
rewritten to.
3. The tiny depressions, dark areas, or otherwise altered
spots on an optical disc that are used to represent data are
called __________.
Answers:
1) b; 2) True; 3) pits
THAT’S ALL FOLKs
QUERY SETION:
ANY QUESTIONS?