Group members

Priyanka Banka (41)

Yogita Patel (31)
Shrutika Supar (23)
Nisha Punia (36)
Sneha S. Maknojia (47)
Presents….
 What is computer?
 A computer is an electronic device, which can input, process, and
give an output data.

input processing output

• A computer is a machine that stores data, interact with devices,

and execute programs (provides computing capabilities to its
users).
Major Components of a Computer System
 A computer system consists of two main parts: hardware and
software.

 Hardware is the electronic and mechanical parts of a computer system.

 Software is the data and the computer programs of a computer system.
 Computer Hardware
Computer hardware is divided into three major Components:
1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Computer memory
3. Input/Output (I/O) devices

Basic hardware components

Computer memory
The main function of computer memory is to
store software.
Computer memory is divided into internal
processor memory, primary memory and
secondary memory.
A computer memory refers to the electronic
holding place for instructions and data where
the computers microprocessor can reach
quickly.
 Units of measurements of
memory.
Approx. Pages
Name Abbreviation Approx. # of Bytes Exact # of Bytes
of Text

Byte B One 1 One character

Kilobyte KB (or K) One thousand 1,024 One-half page

Megabyte MB One million 1,048,576 500 pages

Gigabyte GB One billion 1,073,741,824 500,000 pages

500,000,000
Terabyte TB One trillion 1,099,511,627,776
pages
 Internal
Processor
Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

MEMORY HIERARCHY
Internal processor memory..

Cache Registers

1. Temporarily store blocks of data 1. High-speed storage areas

used more often 2. Temporarily hold small units of
program instructions
 Primary memory

RAM ROM
 RAM

Random Access Memory

The part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of
data when they are brought from secondary storage.
 Types of RAM

Static Ram
(SRAM)

Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
 ROM

Read Only Memory

Type of primary storage where certain critical instructions are safeguarded; the
storage is nonvolatile and retains the instructions when the power to the computer is
turned off.
 Types of ROM
Masked Rom

Programmable ROM
(PROM)Programmable
ROM (PROM)

Erasable Programmable
ROM (EPROM)

Electrically Erasable
Programmable ROM
(EEPROM)

Flash ROM
RAM, ROM, AND CPU
INTERACTION
STEP 1: The computer is switched ON.
STEP 2: Computer loads data from ROM and checks whether all the major
components like processor and hard disk are functioning properly.
STEP 3: Computer loads BIOS (basic input/output system) from ROM to
determine the machine’s fundamental configuration and environment.
The information stored in ROM, BIOS chip determines what peripherals
the system can support.
STEP 4: Computer loads the appearing system from the secondary storage.
This allows the CPU to have immediate access to the operating system,
which enhances the performance and functionality of the overall system.
STEP 5: When an application is opened, it is loaded into RAM and any file
that is opened for use in that application is also loaded into RAM.
STEP 6: After processing, when the user saves the file and closes the
respective application, the file is written to the specified secondary
storage device. After that, the files and the application are ’flushed out’
from the RAM.
Secondary memory
Magnetic
disk

Hard Floppy
Zip disk
disk disk
 STORAGE ORGANISATION
OF A MAGNETIC DISK
The surface of a disk is divided
into imaginary tracks and sectors.
Tracks are concentric circles
where the data is stored, and are
numbered from the outermost to
the innermost ring, starting with
zero.
Disk sectors refer to the number of
fixed-size areas (imaginary pie
slices) that can be access by one
of the disk driver’s read/write
heads, in one rotation of the disk,
without the head heaving to
change its position.
Hard Disk
 Usually mounted inside the computer’s system
unit.
 Can store billions of characters of data.
Stated in forms of bytes: Megabytes or
Gigabytes
 Floppy Disk
 Round piece of flexible Mylar plastic covered
with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealed
inside a protective covering.
 3½ disk capacity is 1.44 MB or 1,440,000
bytes
Zip Disk
 Floppy disk technology manufactured by
Iomega.
 It requires a separate disk drive.
 Its not extensively used.
 Available in 100 MB and 250 MB versions
 The following table summarizes the characteristics
of the various kinds of data storage in the storage
hierarchy.

Relative
Storage Speed Capacity Permanent?
Cost ($)
Registers Fastest Lowest Highest No
Low/Moderat
RAM Very Fast High No
e
Floppy Disk Very Slow Low Low Yes
Hard Disk Moderate Very High Very Low Yes