STORAGE DEVICES

Lec 03
Introduction to Computing
Short Review

Computer System Components

Central
Central Processing Unit

Control
Input ALU Output
Output
Unit
Devices Devices
Devices

Special Primary
Cache
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors

Secondary
Storage
Devices

Communication Devices
 Three levels of memory hierarchy

Principle: the closer the memory is to the CPU, the faster it is.
 Memory addresses
Memory is a collection of
cells, each with a unique
physical/memory address
Each cell can hold one byte or
8 bits

With one byte we can represent

101 102 103
one character in ASCII Code
201 202 203 Example: “A” is 65 in ASCII
301 302 303 code and 01000001 in binary
representation
Application/Thinking
How many bytes are in the phrase “You are great!” .
a) 11
b) 13
c) 14
d) 1
So, this sentence will occupy __?__ cells in memory
Storage Capacity

Unit Exact Number of bytes Approximation

------------ ------------------------ ------------
kilobyte 210 bytes 103 bytes
megabyte 220 bytes 106 bytes
gigabyte 230 bytes 109 bytes
terabyte 240 bytes 1012 bytes
petabyte 250 bytes 1015 bytes
exabyte 260 bytes 1018 bytes
Application/Thinking
How many megabytes (MB = 2 to the power of 20 bytes)
are in a terabyte (1TB = 2 to the power of 40 bytes):
a) 2 to the power of 10
b) 2 to the power of 20
c) 2 to the power of 40
d) 2 to the power of 80
PRIMARY MEMORY: RAM AND ROM
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile (temporary).
Programs and data can be written to and erased from RAM
as needed. This means that RAM does not retain its bit
configuration when the power is turned off, but ROM does

• ROM ( Read Only Memory) is nonvolatile (permanent). The

contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed

• It holds instructions that run the computer when it is

first turned on (BIOS)

• The CPU accesses each location in memory by using a

unique number, called a memory address.
Memory types- RAM
 RAM: random access memory
 SRAM: static RAM
 No need to be refreshed
 DRAM: dynamic RAM
 Need to be refreshed periodically
 Main memory
 EDO (Extended Data Out)
 EDO RAM is faster than DRAM. EDO RAM has also been replaced by
SDRAM. EDO RAM is an improvement on DRAM because it has
advanced timing features.
 SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
 SDRAM replaced DRAM, FPM, and EDO. SDRAM is an improvement
because it synchronizes data transfer between the CPU and memory.
SDRAM allows the CPU to process data while another process is being
queued.
 DDR SD RAM (Double Data Rate)
 DDR SDRAM is a newer form of SDRAM that can theoretically improve
memory clock speed to 200 megahertz (MHz) or more. (By using both
rising and falling edges of clock)
Memory Chips
 The different pin configuration for
DDR RAM Modules:
 172-pin MicroDIMM, used for DDR SDRAM
 184-pin DIMM, used for DDR SDRAM
 200-pin SO-DIMM, used for DDR SDRAM
and DDR2 SDRAM
 204-pin SO-DIMM, used for DDR3 SDRAM
 214-pin MicroDIMM, used for DDR2 SDRAM
 240-pin DIMM, used for DDR2 SDRAM,
DDR3 SDRAM and FB-DIMM DRAM
Memory Modules
 Your computer could be using one of three different types of
memory modules
 SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module
 SIMM stands for Single Inline Memory Module. Chips were originally mounted on only
one side of a SIMM (hence the "single" in the name), although newer modules have
chips on both sides. SIMMs use either 30-pin or 72-pin connectors.
 DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module
 DIMM stands for Dual Inline Memory Module. Unlike single-sided SIMMs, DIMMs have
memory chips mounted on both sides of the module. They come in both 168-pin and 184-pin
versions. (DIMMs are the most popular memory modules in use today.)
 RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module
 RIMM stands for Rambus Inline Memory Module. RIMMs use 184-pin or 232-pin connectors and
are slightly faster than comparable DIMMs. RIMMs also cost at least twice as much DIMMs; for
that reason, they're not widely used in most consumer-oriented PCs.
 Memory types– ROM
ROM: read-only memory (Pre-programmed)
 PROM: programmable ROM
Only written once
 EPROM: erasable PROM
Use ultraviolet light to erase data
 EEPROM: electronically EPROM
Can be erased using electronic impulses (higher voltages)
 Secondary Storage Devices
• Storage devices hold data, even when the
computer is turned off.

• The physical material that actually holds data is

called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy
disk is a storage medium.

• The hardware that writes data to or reads data

from a storage medium is called a storage
device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.

• The two primary storage technologies are

magnetic and optical.
Magnetic Storage Devices
• Diskettes (floppy disks) (FDD)

• Hard disks (HD)

• High-capacity floppy disks (ZIP Disk)

• USB flash drive (solid state memory)

• Magnetic tape
 Optical Storage Devices
• Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)

• Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory

(DVD-ROM)

• CD-Recordable (CD-R)

• CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)

• PhotoCD
 CLASSIFICATION- BIG PICTURE
Registers 2ns
Cache (I, II, III)
Volatile SRAM
DRAM
Primary SDRAM
(Semiconductor – RAM EDRAM
chip). Main Memory
Memory Types & EDO
FLASH RAM
Storage Devices
PROM
Non-volatile EPROM
ROM EEPROM
Tape
Magnetic memory HD, Zip Disk
Secondary FDD
(Devices) CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW
Optical DVD-ROM, DVD-R
5ms
Memory DVD- RW
Magnetic Storage Devices
- How Magnetic Storage Works
• A magnetic disk's medium contains iron
particles, which can be polarized—given a
magnetic charge—in one of two directions
(north or south).

• Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0

(off), representing each bit of data that the CPU
can recognize.

• A disk drive uses read/write heads containing

electromagnets to create magnetic charges on
the medium.
 As the medium
rotates, the head
writes the data.
The arm moves because of
The Lorentz force, pass current
Through a wire generates
Magnetic field and wire
Experience a force

Rever the
current
Force also
reverses
As current flows in one direction of the coil the force created
By the permanent magnet makes the arm move toward the
Centre of the platter reverse the makes it move away from
The centre
The force of the arm is directly proportional to coil which allows
The arm position

Head
Head is wrapped with wire as it passes
Of the magnetize section of the platter it
Measure changes in the direction of pole
Called faraday’s law
As the head passes the section
Where the polarity has changed it
Records voltage spike.

Spike both negative

Or positive represent
1.

When there’s no
Voltage spike
Represent 0.
Magnetic Storage Devices - Diskettes
• Diskette drives, also known as floppy disk drives,
read and write to diskettes (called floppy disks or
floppies).

• In disks the areas to save data are organized as a

set of concentric circles called Tracks. Floppy disks
have 80 tracks. The disks are further divided into
pie-slice Sectors.

• 300 rpm

• Diskettes size: 3.5-inch.

Formatted Disk
 3.5 inch
floppy
and drive
 Hard Disk Drive
Purpose:
 Long-term, nonvolatile storage
 Large, inexpensive, slow level in the storage hierarchy
Disk composition
 A magnetic disk consist of a collection of platters (1to 20 per
disk) that rotate on a spindle.
 Disk surface divided into tracks (1000 to 4800 per platter).
 Tracks are divided into sectors (64 per track), which are the
smallest unit that can be read or written.
 Up to 10,000 rpm
 Magnetic Disks
 A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic
disk, retrieving or recording data

The organization
of a magnetic disk
Optical Storage Devices –
How Optical Storage Works

• An optical disk is a high-capacity storage

medium. An optical drive uses reflected light to
read data.

• To store data, the disk's metal surface is

covered with tiny dents (pits) and flat spots
(lands), which cause light to be reflected
differently.

• When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the

light cannot be reflected back. This represents
a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects light back to
its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on).
1 0
Optical storage devices
 CD-ROM: compact disc ROM (Read Only Memory)
 Capacity: 650MB
 CD-R: compact disc recordable
 CD-RW: compact disc rewritable
 DVD: digital versatile disc
 Capacity: 4.7GB – 17GB
 DVD-R
 DVD-RW (2 versions: + (plus) and
– (dash)
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

 Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to

17 GB).
 Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
 The four versions of the DVD: