Teknologi Maklumat dalam

Pendidikan

(BBD 10803)

TOPIC 3:
Data Storage
 Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this class, you should be able to:

 Understand about basic storage

 Differentiate the categories of storage

 Discuss about magnetic storage

 Differentiate the type of storage

 3.1 Storage system characteristic

 Data storage has expanded from text and numeric

files to include digital music files, photographic files,
video files, and much more.
 These new types of files require secondary storage
devices with much greater capacity
 Storage holds data, instructions, and information for
future use
 Basic components of a data storage system

 A data storage system has 2 main components:

1. A storage medium
2. A storage device

 The term storage technology refers to a storage

device and the media it uses
 Storage medium

 A storage medium (media is the plural) is the

physical material on which a computer keeps data,
instructions, and information
 Also called secondary storage
 Eg: tape, hard disks, solid state , memory cards, USB flash,
magnetic stripe cards
 Is removable
 Although with some systems, such as hard drive or
USB flash drives- the 2 parts are permanently sealed
together to form one piece of hardware
 Storage devices

 A storage device is the computer hardware that

records and/or retrieves items to and from storage
media
 Eg: hard disk drives, CD drives, DVD drives, blue ray drives,
flash memory card reader and flash drives

 Storage devices can be:

 Internal (located inside the system unit)

 External ( plugged into an external port on the system unit)

 Remote ( located on another computer such as a network

server/web server)
Storage devices (c0nt..)
 Storage devices (c0nt..)

 Internal devices advantages:

 Requiring no additional desk space

 Faster than external counterparts

 External devices however can be easily transported

from one location to another
 Storage devices (cont..)

 Regardless of how storage device are connected to a

computer, letters of the alphabet and/or names are
typically assigned to each storage device so that the
user can identify device easily when it needs to be
used
 Drive letter assignment is the process of
assigning alphabetical identifiers to disk drives,
logical disks or partitions
 Storage devices (cont..)

 Drive letter assignments:

 A: — Floppy disk drives, 3.5" or 5.25", and possibly other types
of disk drives, if present.
 B: — Reserved for a second floppy drive, if present.

 C: — First hard disk partition.

 D: to Z: — Other disk partitions get labeled here. The letter D:

or E: are often assigned to CD-ROM, DVD drives but not
always

 When a new storage device is detected, the computer

just assign and reassigns drive letters as needed
 Random or sequential access

 Computer receives an instruction that requires data

located on a storage medium – retrieve the requested
data
 This procedure is referred to as access
 Two basic access methods:
 Random
 sequential
 Random or sequential access (cont.)

Random Sequential

 Direct access  Retrieved in the order

 Retrieved directly from in which it is
any location, any order
 Virtually all storage
physically stored on the
devices used with medium
computer today are  Eg. magnetic tape
random access devices
 Media that allows drive, videotapes
random access
sometimes referred to as
addressable media
 Access time

 Access time measures:

 The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item
on a storage medium
 The time required to deliver an item from memory to the
processor
 The access time of storage devices is slow, compared
with the access time of memory
 Memory accesses items in billionth of a second (nanoseconds)
 Storage devices, access items in thousandths of a
second (milliseconds) or millionths of a second
(microseconds)
 Capacity

 Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium

can hold
 Storage technology

 A computer’s processor works with data that has

been coded into bits that can be represented by 0s
and 1s
 Obviously, the data is not literally written as 1 or 0.
instead, the 1s and 0s must be transformed into
something that can remain on the surface of a
storage medium
 How this transformation happens depends on the
storage technology
 Storage technology (cont..)

 Three (3) types of storage technology are commonly

used for personal computers:
 Magnetic
 Optical
 Solid state
 Which storage technology is best?

 Each storage technology has its advantages and

disadvantages
 To compare storage devices, it is useful to apply the
criteria of:
 versatility,
 durability,
 speed and
 capacity
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
Storage technology (cont..)
 Types of storage

Primary Secondary

 Volatile  Nonvolatile
 Temporary  Permanent
 It loses all of its  Writing : is the
contents when power process of saving
to the system unit is information.
shut off  Reading: is the
 Used to process data process of accessing
and instructions information.
Types of primary memory
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Programmable Read Only Memory
Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Types of RAM
 Types of RAM (cont.)

 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) designed to

synchronize itself with the timing of the CPU.
 This tends to increase the number of instructions
that the processor can perform in a given time.
 SDRAM speed is measured in Megahertz, which
makes it easy to compare the processor’s bus speed
to the speed of the memory.
 SDRAM is widely used in computers but known as
generations of DDR RAM
 Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM

Amount of
Standard
Data Associated Approximate
(Approximate Operating
Transferred RAM Clock Transfer
Year Voltage
(Words per Rates Rates
Introduced)
Clock Cycle)
100 –
SDRAM (1993) 3.3 V 1 66 – 133 MHz
166 MT/s
DDR SDRAM 100 – 200 200 –
2.6 V, 2.5 V 2
(2000) MHz 400 MT/s
DDR2 SDRAM 200 – 400 400 –
1.8 V, 1.55 V 4
(2003) MHz 1066 MT/s
DDR3 SDRAM 400 MHz – 800 – 2133
1.5 V, 1.35 V 8
(2007) 1066 MHz MT/s
DDR4 SDRAM 1066 – 1600 1600 – 3200
1.2 V 8
(2014) MHz MT/s
Fetches data rate between SDRAM and DDR
SDRAM

Figure 2: DDR SDRAM fetches data twice for every one fetched
by regular SDRAM.
Cache memory
Secondary Storage
3.2 Hard drive
 Hard disk drive (cont..)

 More platters mean more data storage capacity

 The platters rotate as a unit on a spindle, making
thousands rotation per minute
 Hard disk platters are typically 3.5” in diameter, with
storage capacities ranging from 1 TB to 6 TB, the
largest is 15 TB
 Hard disk (cont..)

 While the computer is running, the platters in the

hard disk rotate at a high rate of speed
 This spinning usually is 5,400 to 15,000 revolutions
per minutes, allows nearly instant access to all tracks
and sectors on the platters
 The platters may continue to spin until power is
removed from the computer or slow down after a
specified time to save power
 Hard disk (cont..)

How does a hard disk work?

Step 3.
When software requests a
disk access, read/write
heads determine current
Step 2. or new location of data.
Small motor spins
platters while
computer is running.

Step 1.
Circuit board controls
movement of head actuator
and a small motor.
Step 4.
Head actuator positions
read/write head arms over
correct location on platters
to read or write data.
 Hard disk (cont..)

What are tracks and sectors?

Hard disk (cont..)
 Hard disk (cont..)

 The capacity of a hard disk is determined from

whether :
 It uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording
 The number of platters it contains
 The composition of the magnetic coating on the platters
Hard disk (cont..)
Hard disk (cont..)
Hard disk (cont..)
 Hard disk (cont..)

 Hard disk technology is

preferred type of main storage
for most personal computers
for 3 reasons:
 Provides lots of storage capacity
 Fast access to files
 Hard disk is economical (the cost
of storing 1 gigabyte of data is
about 5 cents
 Hard disk (cont..)

 Hard disks are not durable as many other storage

technologies
 Data stored on magnetic media can be
unintentionally altered by magnetic fields, dust,
mold, smoke particles, heat and mechanical
problems with a storage device
 Overtime, magnetic media lose their magnetic
charge, resulting in lose data
 Hard disk lifespan is estimates about 3-5 years
 Hard disk (cont..)

 A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches

the surface of a platter
 Always keep a backup of your hard disk
 Hard disk (cont..)

 To prevent contaminants from contacting the

platters and causing head crashes, a hard disk is
sealed in its case
 Although hard disks have become considerably more
rugged in recent years, you should handle and
transport them with care
 Hard disk (cont..)

 3 ways to improve the performance of hard disk are:

 Disk catching
 Improves hard disk performance by anticipating data needs (like
cache memory)
 Improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speed holding
area between secondary storage device and CPU
 Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks
 Improve performance by expanding external storage, improving
access speed and providing reliable storage
 File compression/ decompression
 By reducing the amount of space required to store data and
programs
 Like using WinZip
 Things to consider when selecting hard disk

 Computers ads commonly specify:

 Capacity
 Access time
 Speed of a hard disk drive

 2TB 8ms 7200 RPM HD

 Means a hard disk drive with 2 terabyte capacity
 Access time of 8 milliseconds
 Speed of 7,200 revolutions per minutes

 Ads rarely specify the amount of data that a hard drive

can transfer, but the average data transfer rate is about
57,000 KBps (also expressed as 57 MBps)
 Things to consider when selecting hard disk

 The faster a drive spins, the more rapidly it can

position the read-write head over specific data
 For example, a 7,200 rpm drive is able to access data
faster than 5,400 rpm drive
 Acronyms such as SATA, EIDE, SCSI and DMA
describe the circuitry used to transfer data between
the hard disk and other components on the
computer’s system board
 Some are slightly faster than others but for most
buyers, this is not significant factor
Things to consider when selecting hard disk

 Other performance considerations include :

 power consumption,

 audible noise, and

 shock resistance.
 SATA vs IDE (PATA)

 Types of interfaces to connect storage devices

(like hard drives) to a computer's system bus.
 SATA stands for Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment (or Serial ATA) and
IDE is also called Parallel ATA or PATA.
 IDE SATA

SATA vs IDE (PATA)

Advantages Maximum compatibility
(cont…)
Inexpensive, large storage capacity.

Disadvantages Lacks support for new technology such Lower MTBF than SAS (700,000 hours
as native command queuing and hot- to 1.2 million hours of use at 25 °C), less
plugging hard drives suited for servers.
Hot plugging IDE interface does not support hot SATA interface supports hot plugging
(add/remove plugging
component
while the
computer is
running)
Speed data transfers at the rate of up to Data transfers at the rate of up to 6 Gb/s
133MB/s
Data cable Ribbon-like, wide, can be up to 18 inches Narrow, can be up to a meter (roughly
long 3ft) long. Power and data split into two
connections.
Lineage Superseded by SATA Supersedes Parallel ATA (PATA) aka IDE

Year Created 1986 2003

Jumpers In a computer system, it's possible to
have more than one harddrive. To
connect multiple IDE drives, you need to
chain the ribbon cables from one to the
next. The computer system has no idea
which is the main drive, from which to
load the OS.
SATA drives don't use jumpers. Each
drive connects directly to the
motherboard. To set the primary drive,
you can access the settings from the
computers BIOS (special software that
runs when you start the computer).
SATA vs IDE (PATA) (cont..)
SATA vs IDE (PATA) (cont..)
 There two basic types of hard disks

Internal External

 Located inside system units  Typically connect to a USB or

FireWire port on the system unit
 Able to store and  Are easily removed
retrieve large  A single port on the system unit
quantities of can provide access to an unlimited
information quickly amount of storage
 Used to store programs and  Use the same technology as internal
hard disk
data files  Used primarily to complement an
 Eg: nearly every internal hard disk
microcomputer uses its  Useful to protect or secure
internal hard disk to store its sensitive information, backing
operating system and major up and providing additional
hard disk capacity
applications such as Word
and Excel
 3.3 Flash memory storage

 non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for

transfering data between a personal computer (PC)
and digital devices
 able to be electronically reprogrammed and erased
 often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital
cameras and solid-state drives
 Types of flash memory
Differ in architecture and design characteristics
NOR
 no shared components
 can connect individual
memory cells in parallel
 enabling random access to
data
 fast on data reads
 more expensive to produce
NAND
 more compact and has
fewer bit lines
 stringing together floating
gate transistors to increase
storage density
 better suited to serial
rather
 faster on erases and writes
 lower cost per bit to store
data
 Flash-based gadgets

a. This wireless LAN card allows laptop and PDA users to access the
Internet from any Wi-Fi access point.
b. This flash-based player provides everything you need to play music and
store data on the go. It also comes with a built-in FM radio and voice
recorder.
c. It looks like an ordinary watch, but this USB drive from Edge Tech can
store up to 1 GB of flash memory. It will let you save and transfer your
photos, songs and data files easily.
d. This flash memory card is used as 'digital film' to store images on
a digital camera.
e. This hand held console lets you play games stored on ROM game cards,
which have a small amount of flash
memory to save user data, for
example high scores.

f. This USB flash pen drive.

Memory card
 USB Flash drive

 USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer

or mobile device
The main components of the USB flash drive are:

 Standard USB plug. This provides connects the flash

drive to a device.
 USB mass storage controller. This is a
microcontroller for the USB. It has a small amount of
RAM and ROM.
 NAND flash memory chip. The data is stored in the
this component.
 Crystal oscillator. The data output is controlled by
this component.
 ExpressCard

 An ExpressCard module is a removable device that fits in an

ExpressCard slot
 Developed by the PCMCIA
 Commonly used in notebook computers
 Solid state drive (SSD)

 Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media

and contain no moving parts
 Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages
over magnetic hard disks
 Faster access time
 Faster transfer rate
 Generate less heat and consume less power
 Last longer
SSD (cont..)
SSD (cont..)
 SSD (cont..)

 A memory card is a removable flash memory device

that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer,
mobile device, or card reader/writer
 Different between HDD and SSD

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Solid State Drive (SSD)

 no moving parts  flash storage and no

 Fast moving parts
 Small  much faster
 Cheaper  More smaller, less
 Larger storage
space – physically
 Expensive and less
storage
Recommendation: a mixed system with HDD mass storage and an SSD boot
drive for your Windows 10 install, so its balance of price, performance, and
space, and you'll have a well-rounded machine for all occasions
 Pros and cons of flash memory
Pros
 Faster read and write compared to
traditional hard disk drives.
 Smaller size.
 Less prone to damage.
 Cheaper than traditional drives
in small storage capacities.
 Uses less power than traditional hard
disk drives.
Cons
 Flash memory cells have a limited
number of write and erase cycles
before failing.
 Most flash drives do not have have a
write-protection mechanism
 Smaller size devices, such as flash
drives make them easier to lose
 Currently costs a lot more per
gigabyte than traditional hard drives
for large storage capacities.
 May require a special version of a
program to run on a flash-based
drive to protect from prematurely
wearing out the drive.
 3.4 Optical disc and drives

 Also called compact disks or laser optical disks, used

laser technology to store data at densities many
times greater than those of magnetic disks.
 The most common optical disk system used with PCs
called CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory).
 CD-ROM is read-only storage.
 Optical discs (cont..)

 Today’s optical disks can hold over 100 gigabytes of

data~ million of typewritten pages or medium-sized
library all on single disc
 A laser beam alters the surface of a plastic or metallic
disc to represent data
 The disc is read by an optical disc drive using a laser
that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas
 Optical discs (cont..)

 An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc

made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written
and read by a laser
 Typically store software, data, digital photos, movies,
and music
 Read only vs. rewritable
Optical discs (cont..)
 Optical discs (cont..)

 Optical discs
commonly store items
in a single track that
spirals from the center
of the disc to the edge
 Track is divided into
evenly sized sectors
 Optical discs (cont..)

 Manufacturers claim that is properly cared for high-

quality optical disc will last 5 years but could last up
to 100 years
 Optical discs (cont..)

Figure: some guidelines for

the proper care of optical
disc
Optical disc (cont..)
Optical disc (cont..)
 Optical disc (cont..)

Format Typical capacity Description

CD 700MB Once the standard optical disc
DVD 4.7GB Current standard
Blu-ray 50GB Hi-def format, large capacity

DVD- VHS-
Data CD-quality MP3 audio
Disc type quality quality
capacity audio (hrs) (hrs)
video (hrs) (hrs)
Single-layer, 4.7GB 2 6+ 6+ 72+
single-sided
Single-layer, 9.4GB 4 12+ 14+ 144+
double-sided
Dual- 8.5GB 4 11+ 12+ 120+
layer; single
-sided
Dual-layer, 17GB 8 22+ 24+ 240+
double-sided
 3.5 Cloud storage

 Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides

storage to computer users
 These cloud storage providers are responsible for
keeping the data available and accessible, and the
physical environment protected and running.
 People and organizations buy or lease storage
capacity from the providers to store user,
organization, or application data.
 List of cloud storage provider

 https://www.sync.com/ - sync.com
 https://www.pcloud.com/ - pCloud
 https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/ - Microsoft Azure
 MEGA
 https://storagemadeeasy.com/ - SME
 https://aws.amazon.com/s3/ - Amazon S3
 https://tresorit.com/ - tresorit
 https://onedrive.live.com/about/en-us/ - OneDrive
 Google Cloud
 Dropbox
 Google Drive
 3.6 Latest storage technology

 Network-attached storage (NAS) - Still confused

about NAS? NAS explained in 3 minutes