ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
C A M P O S A N O , F R U S A , L A U R E N T E , R A N O A , YA O
ANATOMICAL
POSITIONS
D E S C R I P T I O N O F A N Y R E G I O N O R PA RT
O F T H E B O D Y I N A S P E C I F I C S TA N C E
STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION
• Standing upright
• Head is upright and facing forward
• Hands don’t touch the side of the body
• Arms are slightly out and away from the
body
• Forearms rotate
• Palms forward
• Thumbs are pointed away from the body
• Feet together and slightly apart
SUPINE AND PRONE POSITION

• SUPINE- facing upward • PRONE- facing downward

REGIONS OF THE
BODY
AXIAL APPENDICULAR
• Runs right down the center • Consists of appendages
• Consists of head, neck, and • Upper and lower extremities
trunk (arms and legs)
PLANES OF THE
BODY
Sagittal plane - runs vertically through
the body and separates it into right and
left parts.
Sagittal literally means the flight of an
arrow.
Median plane - is a sagittal plane that
passes through the midline of the body,
dividing it equal right and left halves.
Transverse plane or horizontal plane -
runs parallel to the surface of the
ground, dividing the body into superior
and inferior parts.
Frontal plane or coronal plane - runs
vertically from right to left and divides
ORIENTATION AND
DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
•I N T E R N A L A N D E X T E R N A L B O D Y S T R U C T U R E S
•R E L A T I V E
•M I N I M I Z E S C O N F U S I O N
•B A S E D O N A N A T O M I C A L P O S I T I O N

Face forward

Arms at the sides

Palms face forward

Feet forward
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
S U P E R I O R – T O WA R D T H E H E A D O R U P P E R P A R T
OF THE BODY
I N F E R I O R – T O WA R D T H E L O W E R P A R T O F T H E
BODY

Abdomen as Point of Reference

•Superior to the Pelvis

•Inferior to the Chest
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
A N T E R I O R ( V E N T R A L ) – AT T H E F R O N T
O F T H E B O D Y; I N F R O N T O F
P O S T E R I O R ( D O R S A L ) – AT T H E
B A C K S I D E O F T H E B O D Y; B E H I N D

Ears and Nose as Points of

Reference

•Nose is Anterior to the Ears

•Ears is Posterior to the Nose
 MEDIAL AND LATERAL
M E D I A L – T O WA R D O R A T T H E M I D L I N E ;
ON THE INNER SIDE OF
L A T E R A L – AWA Y F R O M T H E M I D L I N E ; O N
THE OUTSIDE SIDE OF

Bicep muscle and Pectoral

muscle as points of reference

•Bicep muscle is lateral to

the pectoral muscle
•Pectoral muscle is medial to
the Bicep muscle
 INTERMEDIATE
B E T W E E N A M O R E M E D I A L A N D M O R E L AT E R A L
STRUCTURE

•The armpit is intermediate between

the breastbone and shoulder

•The ring finger is intermediate to the

middle and pinky fingers
 PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
PROXIMAL – CLOSE TO THE POINT OF
AT TA C H M E N T O F T H E L I M B T O T H E B O D Y T R U N K
D I S TA L – FA RT H E R T O T H E P O I N T O F AT TA C H M E N T
OF THE LIMB TO THE BODY TRUNK

Elbow and Wrist as points of reference

•Elbow is proximal to the wrist

•Wrist is distal to the elbow
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
S U P E R F I C I A L – T O WA R D O R A T T H E B O D Y
S U R FA C E
D E E P – AWA Y F R O M T H E B O D Y S U R F A C E ;
T O WA R D S T H E C E N T E R O F T H E B O D Y

Epidermis and Subcutaneous layer

as points of reference

•Epidermis is superficial to the

Subcutaneous layer
•Subcutaneous layer is deep to the
Epidermis
BODY
LANDMARKS
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
EXTERNAL
FEATURES OF
THE BODY
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Epithelial tissue, also
referred to as epithelium,
refers to the sheets of cells
that cover exterior surfaces
of the body, lines internal
cavities and passageways,
and forms certain glands
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
ARE:
P R O T E C T I N G U N D E R LY I N G
TYPES OF TISSUES
STRUCTURES
A C T I N G A S B A R R I E R
P E R M I T T I N G T H E PA S S A G E
O F S U B S TA N C E S
S E C R E T I N G S U B S TA N C E S
A B S O R B I N G S U B S TA N C E S
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
EPITHELIA

1. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
2 . S T R AT I F I E D E P I T H E L I U M
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective tissue, as its

name implies, binds the
cells and organs of the
body together and
functions in the protection,
support, and integration of
all parts of the body.
CONNECT
IVE
TISSUE
1. Enclosing and separating other tissues
2. Connecting tissues to one another
3. Supporting and moving parts of the
body
4. Storing compounds
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
MUSCLE
TISSUE
Muscle tissue is excitable,
responding to stimulation
and contracting to provide
movement, and occurs as
three major types: skeletal
(voluntary) muscle,
smooth muscle, and
cardiac muscle in the
heart.
N E RVO U S T I S S U E
Nervous tissue is also
excitable, allowing the
propagation of
electrochemical signals in
the form of nerve
impulses that
communicate between
different regions of the
body
FUNCTIO
N

Neurons transmit
information in the form
of action potentials,
store information, and
integrative and
evaluate data,
neuroglia support,
protect, and form
specialized sheaths
around axons.
REFERENCES
• Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Eight Edition by Vanputte, Regan, and Russo
• Anatomy and Physiology for Dummies, 3rd edition by Maggie Norris, and Donna Rae Siegfried
• The Anatomical Regions of the Body. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.dummies.com/education/science/anatomy/anatomical-regions-body/
• Smith, C. (n.d.). Anatomy and Physiology: Anatomical Position and Directional Terms. Retrieved from
https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/anatomy-and-physiology-anatomical-position-and-directional-terms
• Anatomy Terms. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthpages.org/anatomy-function/anatomy-terms/
• ProEdify. Anatomical Terms: Directional Terms (Anatomy).  YouTube, 29 Dec. 2015,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqgTERrYbQ4.