Monitoring

- It is the day-to-day / continuous follow up of the

on going activities.
- It is carried out through observation of human
resources and materials, discussion with workers,
supervisors and beneficiaries, and review of
reports, diaries and statistical data.

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 Monitoring cont…
- It is regularly checking whether the program
activities are being done as planned.
- The goals of monitoring are:
 To identify any problem early, and
 To solve without delaying the progress of the
program.

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 Monitoring cont…

Steps in Monitoring
- Collecting data
- Summarize/organize the data
- Analyze& interpret the data
- Action.

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 Evaluation

- It is the methodological process of

determining the worth of a system,
project/ program etc.
- It is usually done at the mid- time/at the
end of the project

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 Evaluation cont…
A systematic process of data collection and
analysis about activities and/or effects of a
program to inform decision making
Determines the merit or the value of the
program and explains the relationship between
the program and its effects
Used to improve performance of programs and
support rational managerial decisions
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 Evaluation cont…

- It is carried out mainly as a way of evaluating

program activities, human resources, material
resources & ; in order to monitor progress and
effectiveness, consider costs and efficiency, show
where changes were needed, and help to plan
more effectively for the future.
- Evaluation is a periodic process.

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 Evaluation cont…

Steps in Evaluation
1. Assess the evaluation situation
 Determine the evaluation goal

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 Evaluation cont…
2. Choose the evaluation design
appropriate to the evaluation situation:
 Assess its feasibility
 Assess potential threats to internal validity
 Choosing the evaluation design appropriate
to the situation, and
 Assessment of evaluation criteria.

E.g input/output/outcome etc

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 Evaluation cont…

3. Develop evaluation indicators and instruments.

4. Plan your approach for analyzing data.
5. Plan for optimal use of results for learning and
action.

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 Evaluation cont…

At the end, the evaluation is expected to show:

- What a program has been trying to do;
- What actually happened;
- Where are the gaps b/n plans and what
happened;
- The reasons for the difference/gaps, and
- What needs to be done about them.
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 Evaluation cont…

The evaluation process takes place before, during,

and after program implementation. If the
evaluation is well designed and conducted, the
findings can be extremely beneficial to the
program stakeholders.

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 Types of Evaluation

Formative/diagnostic or progressive

Evaluation to evaluate input & process and it is

performed before & during implementation
• Summative or Terminal

Evaluation to evaluate output and it is done at

the conclusion of the program.

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 Types of evaluation

1. Formative Evaluation: Is performed during the

entire planning process and program execution.
It provides solutions for program and
organizational improvement.
Stakeholders should be involved during
formative evaluation.

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 Formative…

It is equivalent to process evaluation

Answers questions such as:
How can the intervention be modified to
achieve its outputs and outcomes?

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 Cont….

2.Summative Evaluation: Usually performed to provide

judgment to managers or users about a program’s worth
and merit.

– Stakeholders may not be involved; only

evaluators can do it.

– Answers questions such as:

• was the program effective?

• Should the program be continued?

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 Evaluation cont…

Who will conduct the Evaluation?

- The evaluator may be someone associated with the
program or someone from outside.
- If he/she personally involved with the program
conducts the evaluation, it is called an Internal
Evaluator.
- An External Evaluator is one conducted by
someone who is not associated with the program.
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 Evaluation cont…
Summary

Evaluation is a means;
 To make sound decisions regarding the worth

/effectiveness of health promotion programs,

 To compare different types of programs,
 To eliminate weak program components,
 To meet requirements of funding sources, or
 To provide information about programs.
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 Characteristics of M & E
MONITORING EVALUATION
• Continuous • Periodic: at important milestones
such as the mid term of program
• Keeps track; oversight; implementation; at the end of a
analyses and program
documents progress • In depth analysis; compares
planned with actual achievements.
• Focuses on inputs,
activities/processes, • Focuses on outputs ,outcomes &
&outputs impacts

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 Characteristics…

• Answers what activities • Answers why and how results

were implemented and were achieved. (explanation)
results achieved.
(verification)

• Alerts managers to • Provides managers with

problems and provides strategy and policy options.
options for corrective
actions.

• by program managers/external
• Undertaken by program
evaluators.
managers
• Very expensive
• Less expensive

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 Importance of M& E

To make implementers accountable to stakeholders

(donors and users of the program)
To improve the performance standard of the program
Provides Information for planning future resource
demands
To generate knowledge and adapt best practices

To assess the worth of a program

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 Evaluation cont…

Indicators

- It is a standard used to measure changes in the

state of health and welfare of the community.
- They are predetermined and pre-defined and
are employed to compare the expected result
with the actual performance.

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 Evaluation cont…

Five types of Indicators:

1. Input Indicators
- These specify the quantity of materials, drugs,
vaccines, etc. to be procured, the number of
personnel of different categories to be recruited,
sent for training, etc. and the amount of money
to be spent.
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 Evaluation cont…

2. Process or Performance Indicators

- These are yardsticks to determine the standard
of the procedure we follow

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 EVALUATION Cont…

3. Output, Outcome, /Impact Indicators

- These are yardsticks for assessing results of
the program.

E.g. Impact indicators

- % decreases in IMR, MMR, Death, Birth Rates,

etc.
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