Professional Documents
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6.a. Audit of Cash
6.a. Audit of Cash
AUDIT OF CASH
1
ACCOUNTING FOR CASH AND
CASH EQUIVALENTS
Definition of Cash
Cash
1 2 3
Readily
4
11
5
12
6
13
7
14
8
15
9
16
10
17
1 2 3
convertible to
cash (short term, highly
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3
18 19 20 2111 2212 23 13 2414 15 16 17
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
liquid)
22
11 23
12 24
13 14 15 16 17
25 26 27 28 29
18 30
19 31
20 21 22 23 24
Original maturity
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
to investor of 3
• Commercial papers months or less
Not restricted and not
• Treasury bills
used as collateral
• Certain money market
funds
Accounting for Cash and Cash
Equivalents
• RECOGNITION
Cash should be recognized when received and cash
equivalents should be recognized when the
investment/deposit is made.
• INITIAL MEASUREMENT
Cash should be recognized initially at the amount received by
the entity or the amount received into entity’s bank account.
Cash equivalents should be recognized initially at cost. Cost
is the fair value of the consideration given to acquire the cash
equivalent.
Any amounts denominated in foreign currency should be
translated into entity’s reporting currency at the exchange rate
ruling at the date of receipt.
Accounting for Cash and Cash
Equivalents
• SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT
Normally, no adjustment should be required for cash and cash
equivalents except to update the exchange rate applied to
balances denominated in foreign currencies and to reflect the
subsequent effect of cash transactions.
• PRESENTATION
Cash and cash equivalents are presented as one line
item in the current assets section of balance sheet unless
there’s restriction in its use. Restricted balances should
be presented as NON CURRENT ASSETS.
• DISCLOSURES
- description of composition of cash and cash equivalents
- terms attached to cash and cash equivalents (e.g.
interest rates and maturity)
- explanation of how short term investments are
classified between cash equivalents and other
investments
- restrictions on cash and cash equivalents and portion
used as collateral
AUDIT OF CASH BALANCES
Points to Remember About
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Majority of business transactions involves the
cash account (e.g. cash sales, collection of
receivables, payments on accounts, acquisitions of
PPE, issuance of capital stock, loans from
creditors, etc.)
Cash is a favorite subject of fraud due to its very
nature- lightweight, portable and insconspicuous
An error in cash account means an error in some
other accounts.
As a consequence of relative risk in the handling
of cash, the auditor needs to spend more time and
employ care in its audit.
Common Misstatements/Fraud
for Cash
• Transactions recorded in the wrong period
• Misappropriation covered up by omitting
or under-footing outstanding checks on the
bank reconciliation
• Manipulating accounts to record the same
cash in two accounts at the same time
(kiting)
• Recording fictitious cash receipts
• Duplicate recording of purchases and
payments
Audit Objectives for Cash and Cash
Equivalents