Heat Transfer Engineering

ISSN: 0145-7632 (Print) 1521-0537 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uhte20

Analytical Model of a Combined Adsorption

Cooling and Mechanical Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System
Takahiko Miyazaki, Bidyut Baran Saha & Shigeru Koyama

To cite this article: Takahiko Miyazaki, Bidyut Baran Saha & Shigeru Koyama (2016):
Analytical Model of a Combined Adsorption Cooling and Mechanical Vapor
Compression Refrigeration System, Heat Transfer Engineering, DOI:
10.1080/01457632.2016.1195135
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2016.1195135

Accepted author version posted online: 07

Jun 2016.
Published online: 07 Jun 2016.

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Analytical Model of a Combined Adsorption Cooling and Mechanical Vapor Compression

Refrigeration System

Takahiko Miyazaki , Bidyut Baran Saha and Shigeru Koyama

1
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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2
Program for Leading Graduate School, Green Asia Education Center, Kyushu University, Japan

international Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Japan

ABSTRACT

A combined adsorption and mechanical vapor compression system is a reasonable option to

reduce the consumption offossil fuels for air-conditioning by utilizing waste heat. Performance

predictions of combined adsorption and mechanical vapor compression systems require detailed

dynamic modeling because the transitional characteristics explain the nature of the adsorption

system. It is, however, desireable to simplify the model for practical use at engineering stages.

Since the mechanical vapor compression system is based on the steady state thermodynamic cycle,

a semi-steady state modeling of adsorption cycles would be functional for analysis of combined

systems. In our study, the analytical solution of transient simulation for adsorption cycles was

combined with the steady state mathematical model of the mechanical vapor compression system.

The performance of the combined system was analyzed based on the model developed with taking

into account the cycle time of the adsorption cycle. The results show the performance

characteristics as well as the energy saving potentials of the combined system.

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Address correspondence to Assoc. Prof. Takahiko Miyazaki, Faculty of Engineering Sciences,

Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan. E-mail: tmiyazak@kyudai.jp

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INTRODUCTION

Adsorption cooling systems provide cooling effect with utilization of low-grade thermal

energy such as solar thermal energy and industrial waste heat. The energy saving potential is

enormous when this kind of thermal energy is abundant. On the other hand, an adsorption system

tends to be bulky and it requires a large amount of heat input due to low coefficient of
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performance. Therefore, it is difficult to be an alternative of air-conditioners generally used in

residential and commercial buildings.

Despite that a number of advanced adsorption cycles [1-3] have been proposed for

improvement of cooling performances, most of commercialized adsorption heat pumps are

designed as conventional two-bed configuration and usually one of the simplest heat recovery

technique is applied to them [4]. The main reason for manufacturers to hesitate to use advanced

cycles would be the cost. To realize many of advanced cycles, it is necessary to employ multibeds

and complex pipework. In addition, a sophisticated automatic control system has to be used to

make the system work at the optimal conditions. Therefore, the increment of manufacturing cost

cannot be compensated by the improvement of performance.

A hybrid system of a conventional vapor compression cycle and an adsorption cycle is

one of the reasonal options to facilitate the application of adsorption cycles to small to medium

scale applications, such as automobiles, houses and commercial buildings. The hybrid system will

be well-matched with mechanical power driven air conditioners, gas engine heat pumps, and

cogeneration systems, and the system effectively reduces the fossil fuel consumption of the vapor

compression cycle by using waste heat. In these applications, the cooling capacity of the

adsorption cycle can be relatively small because the adsorption cycle will work as an assit of the

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main vapor compression cycle. Therefore, the size of adsorption heat exchangers can be

minimized, and the additional cost for the adsorption cycle will be curtailed.

A hybrid system using ammonia as refrigerant for both adsorption and mechanical vapor

compression cycles was proposed by Lychnos and Tamainot-Telto [5]. The driving heat source of

the adsorption cycle was the compressor exhaust heat, and the adsorption cycle and the
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mechanical vapor compression cycle were combined in parallel. In our previous study, the

performance of adosption-compression hybrid cycle was analyzed based on the theoretical

analysis of adsorption cooling cycle and vapor compression cycle [6]. The reduction of

mechanical compressor power was calculated for two configurations, namely, cascade type and

subcool type.

In the present study, two types of vapor compression-adsorption hybrid cycle were

analyzed mathematically. The adsorption cycle performance was analyzed in semi-setady state,

which was derived from an analytical solution of transient simulation for adsorption cycles. The

performance of the hybrid system was analyzed with taking into account the cycle time of the

adsorption cycle by the integration of the semi-steady state analysis of the adsorption cycle and

the thermodynamic steady state of vapor compression cycle. The paper reports the analytical

model for adsorption cycles and the performance characteristics as well as the energy saving

potentials of the hybrid system.

THE HYBRID VAPOR COMPRESSION-ADSORPTION CYCLE

The schematics of the conventional vapor compression cycle and two types of hybrid cycles are

illustrated in Figure 1. The main components of the conventional vapor compression

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cycle are evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion valve, as shown in Figure 1a. The

hybrid scheme I is that the adsorptin cooling cycle is used for sub-cooling of the refrigerant

condensate of the vapor compression cycle (Figure 1b). In this scheme, the enthalpy difference in

evaporator is expanded by the sub-cooling, which results in reduction of refrigerant mass flow

rate to produce a certain quantity of cooling effect compared with that by the conventional vapor
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compression cycle. The cooling capacity of the adsorption cycle can be relatively small because

the sub-cooling requires only sensible heat exchange.

In the hybrid scheme II, the evaporator of the adsorption cycle works as the condenser of

the vapor compression cycle. By the cascading evaporator/condenser, the adsorption cycle as a

topping cycle and the vapor compression cycle as a bottoming cycle are connected as a kind of

two-staged compression system (Figure 1c). The condenser temperature of the vapor compression

cycle can be much lower than the ambient temperature, and therefore, the reduction of the

compression work as well as the increase of the enthalpy difference in evaporator are achieved.

The energy saving effect of the cascading scheme will be larger than that of the subcooling

scheme, while the cooling capacity of the adsorption cycle for the cascading scheme has to be

much larger than that for the sub-cooling scheme because the heat given to the adsorption cycle

through the cascading evaporator/condenser is the sum of the evaporator enthalpy difference and

the compressor work of the vapor compression cycle.

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MA THEMA TICAL MODELING OF THE HYBRID CYCLES

Analytical model of the adsorption cycle

Many researchers have established the mathematical models of adsorption cycles with

various adsorbent-adsorbate pairs [7-9]. The most commonly used model is the lumped parameter

model, and the validity of the model was shown by the comparison with experiment in some
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literature [10, 11]. Generally in the lumped parameter model of adsorption

refrigeration/heat pump, the transient variations of adsorption uptake and adsorber, evaporator

and condenser temperatures are given by Eqs.(1) - (3).

Adsrotption uptake is expressed by the linear driving force approximation as in the form

of Eq.(1).

^ = km(W-w) (1)
dt

where, w denotes the instantaneous adsorption uptake,

and W denotes the equilibrium adsorption uptake. km

represents the overall mass transfer coefficient, and t is

time.

By neglecting the heat transfer by refrigerant

vapor for simplicity, the adsorber temperature can be

expressed by Eq. (2) irrespective of adsorption or

desorption processes. In case of water as refrigerant, heat

given by the refrigerant from evaporator during the

adsorption process is smaller than the heat of adsorption

by about two orders of magnitude.

(Mc)^ = m, cs(T - T) + ( 2
)
dt dt

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where (Mc) represents the total heat capacity including the

adsorbent, adsorbate and heat exchanger. mf and cf are the mass

flow rate and specific heat capacity of the heat transfer fluid. T
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s = (Ti -T o )/ (T i -T) = 1 -exp(-NTU). Mad and Qad are the mass of the adsorbent and the heat of adsorption,

respectively.

The heat balance equations for evaporator and condenser could be derived in a similar manner to the

adsorber. dT dw
(Mc) m
f C (T -
f T)-M
ad Lref (3)
dt dt
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where, Lref denotes the evaporation heat of refrigerant. The sensible heat transfer by the liquid refrigerant

flow from condenser to evaporator is ignored in this model. (Mc) for evaporator and condenser includes the

heat capacity of the refrigerant liquid and the heat exchanger itself.

Dimensionless form of the equations

Transformation of Eqs.(1)-(3) into dimensionless form facilitates to solve the equations analytically.

Using the dimensionless variables and parameters summarized in Table 1, Eqs.(1)-(3) can be rewritten as Eqs.

(4)-(6). dt=-L(o-t)
dr a (4)

where, O denotes the dimensionless form of equilibrium uptake, and O = 0 or 1 for desorption

or adsorption, respectively.
d
l=iL (0i-0)+1 # (5)
dr WK K dr
where, 6 { denotes the dimensionless temperature at the inlet of the heat
transfer fluid, and 6 t = 0

or 1 for adsorption or desorption, respectively.

— = iL ( a - a \ - W d t
Wi “ ) (6)
dr W X dr

During the pre-heating/cooling period, Eqs.(4)-(6) should

be solved with dt / dr = 0.

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The analytical solutions

Adsorption cycles consists of four main processes, namely, pre-heating, desorption,

precooling, and adsorption. Generally, adsorption cooling system is cyclically operated by these

four processes. Therefore, cyclic boundary conditions have to be determined to solve Eqs. (4)-(6).
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The cyclic boundary conditions were given at at T = 0 and 1, which is the beginning of the

pre-heating/cooling processes and the end of the desorption/adsorption processes. Therefore, (f

) = = (fd)T=1 and (fd)T=0 = (^a)r=1. The connecting conditions at T = Tpr should be also given
a T 0
as f
'aX=v = (f)T=Tpr and (fdX=Tpr = OdX=V , Tpr is the dimensionless pre-

heating/cooling time. The subscripts a and d denotes the adsorption including pre-cooling and the

desorption including pre-heating processes, and f is the adsorption uptake during the pre-
g
heatin /coolin
g period. Similarly, (0\)T=o=(Oi)T=i , (^'d)T=0=(^a)T=1 , (^'e)T=0=(^e)T=1 ,

(0\U=(0Xl , (0'a)T=T =(0aW , (^W^W , (O'e\==T=(0e) T=T

and
pr

(9\)T=T = (9C)T=T for adsorbers, evaporator and condenser temperatures, where the subscripts e

and c denote evaporator and condenser, respectively.

Finally, the analytical solutions of Eqs.(4)-(6) could be obtained as the following form.

The adsorption uptakes during the pre-heating/cooling period are constant and they are the

minimum and maximum adsorption uptakes during the cycle. They were given by Eqs.(7) and (8).

fa=1-C (7)

fd =C (8)

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For adsorption/desorption period, the adsorption uptakes were given as functions of

dimensionless time as Eqs.(9) and (10).

fa =1 - C exp f\ T (9)
v a
r T (10)
fa
d = C exp
V a

The constants, C and C’ are given by:

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exp
(11)
v, a J
C' 7
1
exp - Ti + exp
Vay a

1
C
1 (12)
exp - TL + exp
VaJ a

Equation (11) and (12) showed that the minimum and maximum adsorption uptakes during the

cycle were the functions of pre-heating/cooling time and the time constant of adsorption.

The adsorber temperatures during the pre-heating/cooling period was a function of time,

and they were given by Eqs.(13) and (14).

( \
T
6\ = D 'exp
(13)
v J

( \ T
6\ = 1 - D 'exp
v ^b J (14)

For adsorption/desorption period, they were:

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( \
T
0a = D exp + O b ex p I -
(15)
V J a,

( \ T
6d = 1 - D exp Ob e x p I -
-

(16)
V ^b J a,
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where, Qb is given as < D K / ( ^ S ) . By defining nb = f i / K , Ob is defined as CnbQb /(a -Qb). The

constants for temperature, D and D’ are given by:

f , \ f , .A f ,
1 -Ob exp 1 1 1 1 1
—
exp — —
- exp — —
Tpr
D' = V ^b J V^b V ^b aJ V^b a
J P1 (17)
1 + exp

f ■, \ ( ,^
1 -o_ 11 11
exp --1+ exp — pr
D =
T

Va J
a
1 V^b J
(18)
1 + exp
V ^b J

Equations (19) and (20) express the temperature of the condenser and evaporator, respectively,

during the pre-heating/cooling period,

f \
e\ = occ, + E 'exp T
V J (19)

( \ T
Q'e = ^ch,i + ' p F ex (20)
V ^e J

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For adsorption/desorption period,

f\
d
c = ^cc,i + E eXP T + O exp T (21)
c
V cJ
Q
V oJ

( \ T
-
Oeexp ^- ^
9 e = ^ch,i - F eXp (22)
V Qe J
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where, Q and O are defined by a similar manner as those for adsorbers. The constants are given

by: f,A f, .A f,
O
cexp 1 1 1 1 1
-
exp exp Tpr
— —
-
E' = (23)
1J J
V Qc J VQc o V Qc o

1 - exp
V Qc J

f,A f, .A f,
O
e ex
p
1 1 1 1 1 (24)
-
exp exp Tpr
— —
-
F' =
1J J
V Qe J VQe o V Qe 0

1 - exp
V Qe J
f ■, \ ( , ^

11 11 (25)
exp --I exp
-
— T
pr
E =
V oJ
0
V Qc J
1 - exp
V Qc J

fi\ f,^
1 1 1 11
exp --I exp
-
— T
pr
F =
(26)
V oJ
0
V e J
Q

1 - exp
V Qe J

The design temperatures for effective adsorption

The calculated cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were affected by the

effective adsorption uptake at the design temperatures because it determined the driving force

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of adsorption and desorption in the beginning of the adsorption and desorption processes. If the

effective adsorption uptake was calculated in accordance with the boundary condition

temperatures, namely, hot water inlet, cooling water inlet and chilled water inlet temperatures, the

driving force of the adsorption and desorption processes would be overestimated because the

discrepancy between the boundary conditions and the actual heat exchanger temperatures was
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large in the beginning of the process. Therefore, the design temperature for the estimation of

effective adsorption uptake was given by considering the temperature efficiency of heat

exchanger. Figure 2 illustrates the effective adsorption uptake by the temperature boundary

conditions and by the design temperature. The design temperatures were given based on the

following equations. T = T + T '• s

(27)

where, Ti and To are inlet and outlet temperatures of heat transfer fluids, respectively. sdenotes the

heat transfer effectiveness, which is equivalent to the temperature efficiency in this case. The outlet

temperatures of heat transfer fluids were chosen to fit the predicted cooling capacity and COP with

the experimental values within a reasonable range, and they were given as T i±3K for adsorbers and

Ti±5K for evaporator and condenser.

The maximum and the minimum adsorption uptakes for the theoretical adsorption cycle

were calculated as a function of design temperatures, that is:

Wmax
= f(T T)
deg,e deg,a (28)

(29)
Wmin= f(T T)
deg,c deg,d

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Then, the effective adsorption uptake of the design condition is given as W max - Wmin. The

function of adsorption uptake was given as the form of adsorption isotherm equation. For silica

gel and water combination, it is given as Eq. (30) [10].

B(T )
P ref (30)
W = A(T)
V adPJ
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where, A(T) and B(T) are functions of adsorbent temperature and given as:

A(T) = -6.5314 + 0.72454E-01T - 0.23951E-03T2 + 0.25493E-06T3 (31)

B(T) = -15.587 + 0.15915T - 0.50612E-03T2 + 0.53290E-06T3 (32)

Validation of the analytical model

The cooling capacity and COP of the adsorption cycle can be predicted using the

analytical model described above. The predicted results were verified by comparison with

experimental results from a literature [12]. The adsorbent and refrigerant were silica gel and

water, and the heat capacity and heat exchanger characteristics were taken from [12].

Figures 3 and 4 show the cooling capacity and COP as a function of chilled water inlet

temperature, respectively. The results showed a good agreement between the experiment and

analytical model. When the temperature boundary condition was changed, the analytical model

can be adjustable using the design temperatures, which is reasonable for practical heat exchanger

characteristics.

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Cycle performance of a vapor compression cycle

The performance of the vapor compression cycle was analyzed as a theoretical vapor

compression cycle with some practical parameter settings for the degree of superheat at the outlet

of evaporator, the degree of subcooling at the outlet of condenser, isentropic efficiency of

compressor. The heat exchange processes in evaporator and condenser were simplified by using
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temperature efficiency. The thermophysical properties of refrigerant for the vapor compression

cycle were obtained using REFPROP 9.0 [13].

PREDICTION OF THE ENERGYSA VING PERFORMANCE OF THE HYBRID CYCLES

Calculation conditions

The performance of two types of hybrid cycles, namely, sub-cooling type and cascading

type, was predicted by the combination of semi-steady state model for adsorption cycle and

thermodynamic analysis of vapor compression cycle. The fixed parameters of the system were

summarized in Table 2. Provided that low grade heat source, such as cogeneration heat output

or solar thermal energy, was available as requested, the energy saving effect of the hybrid

system was defined as the improvement in the COP of vapor compression cycle. The COP of

the vapor compression cycle was given as Eq.(33), and the energy saving effect was determined

as Eq.(34).

COPVcc = Cooling capacity of VCC/Compressor work (33)

Energy saving effect = 1 - COPVCC/COPhybrid x100 [%] (34)

where, COPVCC denotes the COP of vapor compression cycle without any

assistance by adsorption cycles as the system depicted in Figure 1a.

The predicted energy saving performances of two hybrid systems

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Figure 5 shows the the energy saving effects of two type of hybrid cycles as a function of

cooling effect by the adsorption cycle in terms of temperature decrease. In case of sub-cooling

type, the cooling effect represents the temperature decrease by sub-cooler. In case of cascading

type, it represents the decrease in condenser temperature of the vapor compression cycle.

As depicted in Figure 5, the cascading type achieved much larger energy saving effect
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compared with that of the sub-cooling type. The large reduction in compressor power of vapor

compression cycle was achieved by the lowered condensor pressure of the vapor compression

cycle with cascading integration of the adsorption cycle. The energy saving effect was as high as

40% with the temperature decrease of the vapor compression cycle condenser by 10 oC. On the

otherhand, the energy saving effect of the sub-cooling type was 10% with the corresponding

temperature decrease of the refrigerant liquid by sub-cooler. The effect of the sub-cooling was the

increase of evaporator enthalpy difference. The COP of the vapor compression cycle would

improve due to the rise of the ratio of the enthalpy difference of the evaporator to that of the

compressor. The degree of improvement was, however, limited.

The performance of the adsorption cycles

The adsorbent mass and adsorption cycle COP of the sub-cooling type and the cascade

type hybrid systems were depicted in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The adsorbent mass was

calculated from the required cooling effect in sub-cooler or cascading condenser/evaporator and

the specific cooling capacity of the adsorption cycle. For both type of the hybrid cycles, the larger

cooling effect of the adsorption cycle resulted in the increase of the required adsorbent mass and

the decrease in the adsorption cycle COP. The adsorption cycle COP was kept higher

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than 0.7, however, which was a very high level compared with that of conventional adsorption

cooling systems used for air-conditioning. The reason of the improved COP of the adsorption

cycle for the hybrid system was the rise of the evaporator temperature of the adsorption cycle.

When chilled water is generated by stand-alone adsorption cooling system, the evaporation

temperature needs to be at 5-10 oC. On the other hand, the evaportion tempearture of the
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adsorption cycle for the hybrid system was higher than 20 oC because the lowest level temperature

(= 10 oC) was generated by the vapor compression cycle. This difference had a large influence on

the adsorption cycle COP improvement.

The cascading type hybrid system required large cooling effect on the adsorption cycle to

achieve a high energy saving because the adsorption cycle had to cope with condensation heat of

vapor compression cycle refrigerant. On the other hand, the sub-cooling type effectively worked

with smaller cooling effect of the adsorption cycle because the role of the adsorption cooling was

only for sensible heat cooling of refrigerant liquid. In case of the cooling effect by adsorption

cycle with 10 oC, the quantity of heat removed by the adsorption cycle was 10.5 kW for the

cascading type, whereas that was 1.2 kW for the sub-cooling type. As a result, the refrigerant

mass flow rate required in the adsorption cycle was 4.3 g/s for the cascading type and 0.5 g/s for

the sub-cooling type as an average of the cycle time. Therefore, the required adsorbent mass for

the cascading type was nearly ten times larger than that for the sub-cooling type.

CONCLUSIONS

The study presented an analytical model of the adsorption cycle and it was shown that the

model could predicted the performance of the adsorption cycle in a good agreeement with the

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experimental results given in literature. Two types of hybrid adsorption-vapor compression cycles,

namely sub-cooling type and cascading type, were described and the energy saving effect of these

cycles were predicted. The results revealed that the cascading type would achieve a larger energy

saving effect as much as 40% of COP improvement, whereas the sub-cooling type had an

advantage in size and cost of adsorption cycle with reasonable COP improvement. The developed
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semi-steady state model of the adsorption cycle and the performance prediction of the vapor

compression-adsorption hybrid system were useful for design, evaluation and analysis of the

application of waste heat driven adsorption cycles to be combined with conventional vapor

compression cycles.

NOMENCLATURE

C, C', D, D', E, E', F, F' constants

c specific heat, J kg-1 K-1

km overall mass transfer coefficient, s-1

L latent heat, J kg-1

M mass, kg

(Mc) total heat capacity, J kg-1

m mass flow rate, kg s-1

NTU number of transfer units

Q heat, J

T temperature, oC or K t

time, s

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W equilibrium adsorption uptake, kg kg-1 w

adsorption uptake, kg kg-1

Greek symbols

0, n, Q nominal parameters a heat capacity

ratio
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( latent to sensible heat ratio

X heat capacity factor of evaporator and

condenser s heat transfer effectiveness

$ dimensionless adsorption uptake

y specific heat capacity ratio

K heat capacity factor of adsorbers

X latent heat ratio

d dimensionless temperature

a dimensionless time constant of

adsorption

T dimensionless time

a dimensionless time constant of heat

transfer

£ ratio of mass flow rate

y/ dimensionless refrigerant mass

Subscripts

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a adsorption process

ad adsorption or adsorbent

b adsorbnet bed

c condenser

cc condenser cooling water

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ch chilled water

d desorption process

dsg design

e evaporator

f heat tranfer fluid

hybrid hybrid

cycle i inlet

o outlet

pr

pre-heating/cool

ing process

ref refrigerant

VCC vapor

compression

cycle

REFERENCES

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Y.H., Li, D.,

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Xia, Y.Z.,

Zhang, J.P., A

review on
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adsorption refrigeration cycle - The influence of operating conditions on cooling output and
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COP, ASHRAE Trans., vol. 101, pt.2, pp. 358-366, 1995.

[13] REFPROP—NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database

(REFPROP): Version 9.0, 2010.

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Table 1 Dimensionless variables and parameters

Temperature T h : heat source temp. T c :

heat sink temp.
1 1 II
Time t s : switching time

II
Adsorption uptake w - W ■ Wmax, Wmin: equilibrium uptake
6_ min W - W .
max min
Refrigerant mass Mref
W_ -—-
Mad (W,,x - Wmin)
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Heat capacity ratio (Mc)hex: heat capacity of heat

a _(Mc)hex exchanger except adsorbent
M
adCad
Latent to sensible heat Q (W - W )
ratio O_ ad max min
C
ad(T - T e )
Specific heat capacity
y _ Cref(Wmax - ^min)
ratio
C
ad
Latent heat ratio
x _ Lref
Qad
Ratio of mass flow rate m mh: mass flow rate of higher
£_ temp. heat source
m
h
Heat capacity factor of K _ 1+a + y( 0- $ o ) 60: absolute dry
adsorbers
Heat capacity factor of X_ a + y iy
eva/con
Time constant of II
adsorption
b
Time constant of heat
transfer O _ Mad
°ad
m
h ph t s
c

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Table 2 The fixed parameters of the hybrid system

Parameter Value
Vapor compression cycle
Refrigerant R 410A
Cooling capacity of the vapor 10 kW
The degree of superheat at the outlet of 3K
evaporator
The degree of sub-cool at the outlet of condenser 3K
Adiabatic efficiency of compressor 0.7
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Temperature efficiency of evaporator and 0.7

condenser
Air side inlet temperature of evaporator 26 oC
Air side inlet temperature of condenser 30 oC
Adsorption cycle
Adsorbent Silica gel
Refrigerant Water
Hot water inlet temperature 85 oC
Cooling water inlet temperature 30 oC
Adsorption/desorption time 420 s
Pre-cooling/heating time 30 s

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List of Figure Captions

Figure 1 Schematics of the conventional vapor compression cycle and two hybrid cycles

Figure 2 Design temperature and effective adsorption uptake

Figure 3 Cooling capacity as a function of chilled water inlet temperature

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Figure 4 COP as a function of chilled water inlet temperature

Figure 5 Energy saving effect as a function of cooling effect by adsorption cycle

Figure 6 Adsorbent mass and the adsorption cycle COP as a function of temperature decrease in

sub-cooler in case of the sub-cooling type

Figure 7 Adsorbent mass and the adsorption cycle COP as a function of temperature decrease in

condenser in case of the cascading type

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Figure 1 Schematics of the conventional vapor compression cycle and two hybrid cycles

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inlet inlet inlet

Figure 2 Design temperature and effective adsorption uptake

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Chilled water inlet temperature [°C]

Figure 4 COP as a function of chilled water
inlet temperature

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Figure 5 Energy saving effect as a function of cooling effect by adsorption cycle

Figure 6 Adsorbent mass and the adsorption cycle COP as a function of temperature decrease in
subcooler in case of the sub-cooling type

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Takahiko Miyazaki obtained his bachelor’s degrees from Chuo University,

Japan, in 1995 and his M.Sc. in renewable energy and architecture from

University of Nothingham, UK in 2003. He received his Ph.D. in

engineering from the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

Japan, in 2005. He worked as an assistant professor at Tokyo University of

Agriculture and Technology from 2005 to 2010. Since 2011, he has been associate professor at

the Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan. His main research interests are

Figure 7 Adsorbent mass and the adsorption cycle COP as a function of temperature decrease in
condenser in case of the cascading type ED ^ ^ A N U S C R I P I
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thermally driven air-conditioning systems including adsorption chillers/heat pumps and desiccant

air-conditioning.

Bidyut Baran Saha obtained his B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees from
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Dhaka University of Bangladesh in 1987 and 1990, respectively. He

received his Ph.D. in 1997 from the Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Japan. He worked as an Associate Professor at the

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences of Kyushu University until 2008. He

worked as a Senior Research Fellow at the Mechanical Engineering Department of National

University of Singapore prior to joining the Mechanical Engineering Department of Kyushu

University in 2010 as a Professor. He joined the Kyushu University Program for Leading

Graduate School, Green Asia Education Center in March 2013 as a professor. He has been

working as a professor at the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-

I2CNER) in the Division of Thermal Science and Engineering. His main research interests are

thermally powered sorption systems, heat and mass transfer analysis, and energy efficiency

assessment. He has published more than 300 articles in peer-reviewed journals and international

conference proceedings. He has edited four books and holds 10 patents. Recently, he served as

managing Guest Editor for Applied Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer Engineering journal.

He serves as the editorial advisory board member of Applied Thermal Engineering journal;

editorial board member of Advances in Mechanical Engineering, AIMS Energy journal, and

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Editor-in-Chief of Evergreen. He has organized and chaired the

International Conference on Innovative Materials for Processes in

Energy Systems (IMPRES) conferences.

Shigeru Koyama is a professor of the Department of Energy and

Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu

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University, Japan. He has been working as a professor at the International Institute for Carbon-

Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) in the Division of Thermal Science and Engineering.

He is now the vice-president of Commission B1 of the International Institute of Refrigeration

(IIR). He received his Ph.D. in 1980 from Kyushu University, Japan. His main research interests

are vapor compression systems, sorption systems, compact heat exchanger design, and heat and

mass transfer analysis. He has published more than 300 articles in well-recognized journals,

books, and proceedings. He is an editor of Thermal Science and Engineering, Japan.

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